Microporous molecular sieves are materials having outstanding impact on science, technology, and industry. The main classes of porous materials discussed here are zeolites, including 2‐D‐layered zeolites and zeolitic architectures with enhanced mass‐transfer properties. Furthermore, zeotypes, ordered mesoporous sieves, and metal‐organic frameworks are described. Traditionally, porous materials are used in many catalytic processes, for sorption, separation, ion exchange, as well as finding new applications in gas storage or drug delivery. This includes both amorphous or nonordered solids with wide pore size distribution as well as those with ordered or crystalline structures having narrow range of pore sizes. The latter have been extensively studied and developed starting with zeolites, which showed extraordinary catalytic performance in hydrocarbon conversions. This encouraged efforts to extend their application and understanding, and also to overcome particular disadvantages, such as limited pore sizes causing diffusion limitations. Moreover, the synthesis of new zeolites and related molecular sieves is of great interest owing to their potential impact on the field. This article reviews the fundamental knowledge on synthesis, characterization, and application of described solids. Finally, some perspectives and directions of the research are discussed, showing constant interests in microporous solids chemistry, especially zeolites.