A woman has never led the International Olympic Committee (IOC) or the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), football's world governing organization, yet. They are widely recognized as the two most influential and prestigious bodies in the realm of sport. Men have always assumed the role of President of the IOC since its inception in 1894 and of FIFA since its formation more than a century ago (FIFA, 2021; Olympic Museum, 2021). While women's participation in the Olympic Games and on the football field has surged in the past decades, women's representation in their governance remains a critical issue. Not only for the IOC and FIFA, but more broadly, achieving gender diversity on boards of International Sport Federations (IFs) is a challenge.In this chapter I investigate women's participation in the governance of IFs from 2012 to 2021. It's the culmination of a ten-year research project, which started with the Sydney Scoreboard, a legacy of the 5th World Conference on Women and Sport held under the auspices of the International Working Group on Women and Sport (IWG) in Sydney in 2010. The Sydney Scoreboard, a global campaign, aimed to track the number of women in sport governance in a transparent way and, thus, become an impetus for increasing the number and voices of women effecting positive social change in sport (Adriaanse & Claringbould, 2016). I provide an analysis of the gender distribution on IF boards with reference to three key indicators: the number of women within total board members, the gender of the president, and the gender of the secretary general. The focus on IFs is salient because these boards govern their specific sport at the highest level, making strategic decisions for hundreds of thousands -in some cases, millions -of participants globally. The aim of this chapter is to examine to what extent change has occurred in the past decade and what challenges remain for women's participation in global sport governance.
WOMEN'S PARTICIPATION IN SPORT GOVERNANCECentral to this study is the concept of sport governance, which has emerged as an essential component of any modern sport organization. Sport governance refers to the practice of governance applied to organizations in the sport sector ranging from the community to the professional level (Hoye & Cuskelly, 2007). It involves respon-