Catabolite repression in the gram‐positive bacteria: Generation of negative regulators of transcription

Stewart, George C.

doi:10.1002/jcb.240510106

Cited by 27 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…These mechanisms are still incompletely understood in Gram-positive bacteria. Nevertheless, deletion or mu-tation of sequences thought to be involved in cis in glucose repression of many genes of Bacillzts or Stapbylococczts, leads to derepressed expression of the corresponding genes (Stewart, 1993;Rygus & Hillen, 1992;Sizemore e t d., 1992). In those bacteria, glucose repression seems to operate through true negative regulation, and not, as in the Gram-negative E. coli, through the absence of' a positive regulatory component ; the CRP-CAMP tr;.nscriptional activator (Botsford & Harman, 1992).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sequences involved in growth-phase-dependent expression and glucose repression of a Streptomyces -amylase gene

Virolle

Gagnat

1994

Microbiology

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In glycerol-grown, but not in glucose-grown cultures, expression in Streptomyces liwidans TK24 of the cloned a-amylase gene (am/) of Streptomyces limosus is switched on toward the end of exponential growth. During this period, am/ expression is further inducible by maltotriose. We showed that a 378 bp fragment, extending from position -204 through to + 174 (relative to the transcriptional start site), included cis-acting sequences involved in am/ regulation. When this fragment was present on a multicopy plasmid, the growth-phase-dependent am/ expression conferred by a DNA fragment cloned on a compatible low-copy-number plasmid was greatly enhanced, as if negative regulators were being titrated. A study of the regulation of am/ expression in variants with deletions in the am/ promoter region indicated that a direct repeat (DR) between positions -124 and -106 (relative to the transcriptional start site) and an inverted repeat (IR) between positions + 9 and + 24 were good candidates for secondary and primary operator sites, respectively. Deletion of a 29 bp fragment containing the IR rendered am/ expression partly growth-phase-independent, resistant to glucose repression, and insensitive to maltotriose induction.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sequences involved in growth-phase-dependent expression and glucose repression of a Streptomyces -amylase gene

Virolle

Gagnat

1994

Microbiology

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“…In these microorganisms, the distinction between Pex and Cst is not yet established. It has been shown that CR in low-GϩC-content gram-positive bacteria is mediated via a negative regulatory mechanism (38) involving at least three components: a trans-acting factor called catabolite control protein A (CcpA), cis-acting sequences termed catabolite responsive elements (cres), and the HPr protein of the phosphoenolpyruvate-sugar-phosphotransferase system (PTS). CcpA is a DNA binding protein that belongs to the LacI/GalR family of transcriptional regulators (41) and was first identified in B. subtilis as a gene responsible for the catabolite repression of amyE, encoding ␣-amylase (18).…”

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Characterization of the ccpA Gene of Enterococcus faecalis : Identification of Starvation-Inducible Proteins Regulated by CcpA

et al. 2000

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Inactivation of ccpA in Enterococcus faecalis leads to reduction of the growth rate, derepression of the galKETR operon in the presence of a mixture of glucose and galactose, and reduction of transcription of ldh in the presence of glucose. Moreover, the E. faecalis ccpA gene fully complements a Bacillus subtilis ccpA mutant, arguing for similar functions of these two homologous proteins. Protein comparison on two-dimensional gels from the wild-type cells and the ccpA mutant cells revealed a pleiotropic effect of the mutation on gene expression. The HPr protein of the carbohydrate-phosphotransferase system was identified by microsequencing, and a modification of its phosphorylation state was observed between the wild-type and the mutant strains. Moreover, at least 16 polypeptides are overexpressed in the mutant, and 6 are repressed. Interestingly, 13 of the 16 polypeptides whose synthesis is enhanced in the mutant were also identified as glucose starvation proteins. The N-terminal amino acid sequences of four of them match sequences deduced from genes coding for L-serine dehydratase, dihydroxyacetone kinase (two genes), and a protein of unknown function from Deinococcus radiodurans.

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“…These mechanisms are known to differ from those operating in enteric bacteria such as Escherichia coli, but the molecular details are poorly understood (15,40,46 …”

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confidence: 99%

Loss of protein kinase-catalyzed phosphorylation of HPr, a phosphocarrier protein of the phosphotransferase system, by mutation of the ptsH gene confers catabolite repression resistance to several catabolic genes of Bacillus subtilis

et al. 1994

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In gram-positive bacteria, HPr, a phosphocarrier protein of the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS), is phosphorylated by an ATP-dependent, metabolite-activated protein kinase on seryl residue 46. In a Bacillus subtilis mutant strain in which Ser-46 of HPr was replaced with a nonphosphorylatable alanyl residue (ptsHl mutation), synthesis of gluconate kinase, glucitol dehydrogenase, mannitol-l-P dehydrogenase and the mannitol-specific PTS permease was completely relieved from repression by glucose, fructose, or mannitol, whereas synthesis of inositol dehydrogenase was partially relieved from catabolite repression and synthesis of oa-glucosidase and glycerol kinase was still subject to catabolite repression. When the S46A mutation in HPr was reverted to give S46 wild-type HPr, expression of gluconate kinase and glucitol dehydrogenase regained full sensitivity to repression by PTS sugars. These results suggest that phosphorylation of HPr at Ser-46 is directly or indirectly involved in catabolite repression. A strain deleted for the ptsGHI genes was transformed with plasmids expressing either the wild-type ptsH gene or various S46 mutant ptsH genes (S46A or S46D). Expression of the gene encoding S46D HPr, having a structure similar to that of P-ser-HPr according to nuclear magnetic resonance data, caused significant reduction of gluconate kinase activity, whereas expression of the genes encoding wild-type or S46A HPr had no effect on this enzyme activity. When the promoterless lacZ gene was put under the control of the gnt promoter and was subsequently incorporated into the amyE gene on the B. subtilis chromosome, expression of 1-galactosidase was inducible by gluconate and repressed by glucose. However, we observed no repression of I-galactosidase activity in a strain carrying the ptsHl mutation. Additionally, we investigated a ccpA mutant strain and observed that all of the enzymes which we found to be relieved from carbon catabolite repression in the ptsHl mutant strain were also insensitive to catabolite repression in the ccpA mutant. Enzymes that were repressed in the ptsHl mutant were also repressed in the ccpA mutant.Catabolite-repressible genes in the gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis are controlled by multiple mechanisms rather than by a single global regulatory system. These mechanisms are known to differ from those operating in enteric bacteria such as Escherichia coli, but the molecular details are poorly understood (15,40,46

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Catabolite repression in the gram‐positive bacteria: Generation of negative regulators of transcription

Cited by 27 publications

References 22 publications

Sequences involved in growth-phase-dependent expression and glucose repression of a Streptomyces -amylase gene

Sequences involved in growth-phase-dependent expression and glucose repression of a Streptomyces -amylase gene

Characterization of the ccpA Gene of Enterococcus faecalis : Identification of Starvation-Inducible Proteins Regulated by CcpA

Loss of protein kinase-catalyzed phosphorylation of HPr, a phosphocarrier protein of the phosphotransferase system, by mutation of the ptsH gene confers catabolite repression resistance to several catabolic genes of Bacillus subtilis

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