Caspofungin Inhibits Mixed Biofilms of Candida albicans and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Displays Effectiveness in Coinfected Galleria mellonella Larvae

Abstract

Infections by microorganisms resistant to antimicrobials is a major challenge that leads to high morbidity and mortality rates and increased time and cost with hospitalization. It was estimated that 27 to 56% of bloodstream infections by C. albicans are polymicrobial, with S. aureus being one of the microorganisms commonly coisolated worldwide.

Sustained Release of Antifungal and Antibacterial Agents from Novel Hybrid Degradable Nanofibers for the Treatment of Polymicrobial Osteomyelitis

“…The major difficulty in the treatment of osteomyelitis or other co-infections is biofilm formation. Three-dimensional bacterial and fungal biofilms protect the microbial community from antimicrobial agent damage, increasing chronic infections [ 6 ]. This dominant feature contributes to therapeutic failure.…”

“…Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus are the nosocomial pathogens frequently responsible for severe morbidity and mortality, even with appropriate treatment. Coinfection is associated with mixed biofilms, more severe clinical manifestations, and enhanced drug resistance [ 6 , 7 , 8 ]. The mixed biofilm provides microbes with a stable environment that allows them to tolerate high antimicrobial concentrations, frequently resulting in therapeutic failure [ 6 , 7 ].…”

“…Coinfection is associated with mixed biofilms, more severe clinical manifestations, and enhanced drug resistance [ 6 , 7 , 8 ]. The mixed biofilm provides microbes with a stable environment that allows them to tolerate high antimicrobial concentrations, frequently resulting in therapeutic failure [ 6 , 7 ]. Antifungal and antibiotic drug concentrations a hundred-fold to a thousand-fold higher than the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) are generally necessary to treat coinfections [ 9 , 10 ].…”

Limosilactobacillus fermentum KAU0021 Abrogates Mono- and Polymicrobial Biofilms Formed by Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus

“…Herein, the anti-biofilm activity of LME KAU0021 was determined in two different growth phases-at the time of biofilm formation and on mature biofilms of C. albicans and S. aureus. The anti-biofilm potential against monomicrobial and polymicrobial biofilms of the test pathogens was evaluated as described previously [31] with some modifications. Briefly, the inoculum for yeast and bacteria was prepared at a concentration of 1 × 10 6 CFU/mL in RPMI 1640-MOPS (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) and Brain Heart Infusion (BHI; Diagnostic Media Products, Johannesburg, South Africa), respectively.…”

Hexyl-Aminolevulinate Ethosomes: a Novel Antibiofilm Agent Targeting Zinc Homeostasis in Candida albicans

“… C. albicans is the most common and difficult-to-treat pathogenic agent of candidiasis, not only because of its heightened drug resistance but also due to biofilm formation, which is an enhanced mode of drug resistance. C. albicans is more prone to biofilm formation than other Candida species; indeed, more than 80% of infections are associated with biofilms ( 3 ). C. albicans biofilm is a three-dimensional network structure composed of yeast, hyphae, and an extracellular matrix.…”