Caspian seawater desalination and whey concentration through forward osmosis (FO)-reverse osmosis (RO) and FO-FO-RO hybrid systems: Experimental and theoretical study

Simulation of Reverse Osmosis Process: Novel Approaches and Development Trends

“…It also should be noticed, that the thermodynamical approach and the phenomenological equation were used in work [29]. However, the thermodynamic method were also applied for energy analysis, which will be discussed below.…”

Zwitterion-functionalized MIL-125-NH2-based thin-film nanocomposite forward osmosis membranes: towards improved performance for salt rejection and heavy metal removal

“…The desalination of seawater receives a great deal of attention since it is the most abundant water source on Earth. 5–8 To date, the reverse osmosis (RO) desalination process is preferred over thermal and electrochemical processes, which is due to the many satisfactory abilities of RO desalination based on membranes such as economic costs, sustainability, and low-energy consumption. 9–11 For the traditional goal of all technologies, studies on this issue are not confined merely to the reverse osmosis process but rather they are conducted with the intention of lessening the costs and providing a chance for more convenient utilization.…”

“…Forward osmosis (FO) desalination is pretty much a novel approach in water treatment and purification, which is implemented as a pretreatment unit prior to the thermal and RO processes for keeping the overall procedure economical and proficient. 6,12–15 In this process, water penetrates from the feed solution to the draw solution via a semipermeable membrane and in the next step, it is necessary to separate the draw solutes from the diluted solution. 16 Regarding the operation mechanism, the FO process is adopted as a low-pressure process and demonstrates more practical resistance to fouling than the RO process, which is set to function at a higher hydraulic pressure.…”

Whey Recovery Using Nanofiltration-like Forward Osmosis: Optical Coherence Tomography Based Approach to Understanding Fouling Behavior

“…Unlike pressure-driven membrane processes, forward osmosis (FO) is driven by the osmotic gradient across a semipermeable layer, which is referred to as the active layer and is usually supported by a porous substrate . The techno-economic feasibility of employing an FO process for the recovery of whey was verified by prior studies; these studies also established that the FO process could favor the enhancement of the production of a hybrid system for recovering whey compounds while providing economic and environmental benefits. Pilot studies were recently implemented by Chen et al to concentrate whey and other dairy streams via FO, demonstrating that the concentration factor achieved by the FO process could be considerably higher than those in pressure-driven processes (e.g., nanofiltration, NF); it was also argued that the energy consumption should be remarkably lowered if the draw solution were a waste brine from the dairy processing, since there was no need to recover the diluted waste brine.…”