Casein kinase 2 complex: a central regulator of multiple pathobiological signaling pathways in Cryptococcus neoformans

Abstract

The casein kinase 2 (CK2) complex has garnered extensive attention over the past decades as a potential therapeutic target for diverse human diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and obesity, due to its pivotal roles in eukaryotic growth, differentiation, and metabolic homeostasis. While CK2 is also considered a promising antifungal target, its role in fungal pathogens remains unexplored. In this study, we investigated the functions and regulatory mechanisms of the CK2 complex in Cryptococcus neoformans , a major cause of fungal meningitis. The cryptococcal CK2 complex consists of a single catalytic subunit, Cka1, and two regulatory subunits, Ckb1 and Ckb2. Our findings show that Cka1 plays a primary role as a protein kinase, while Ckb1 and Ckb2 have major and minor regulatory functions, respectively, in growth, cell cycle control, morphogenesis, stress response, antifungal drug resistance, and virulence factor production. Interestingly, triple mutants lacking all three subunits ( cka1 Δ ckb1 Δ ckb2 Δ) exhibited more severe phenotypic defects than the cka1 Δ mutant alone, suggesting that Ckb1/2 may have Cka1-independent functions. In a murine model of systemic cryptococcosis, cka1 Δ and cka1 Δ ckb1 Δ ckb2 Δ mutants showed severely reduced virulence. Transcriptomic, proteomic, and phosphoproteomic analyses further revealed that the CK2 complex controls a wide array of effector proteins involved in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle control, nutrient metabolisms, and stress responses. Most notably, CK2 disruption led to dysregulation of key signaling cascades central to C. neoformans pathogenicity, including the Hog1, Mpk1 MAPKs, cAMP/PKA, and calcium/calcineurin signaling pathways. In summary, our study provides novel insights into the multifaceted roles of the fungal CK2 complex and presents a compelling case for targeting it in the development of new antifungal drugs. IMPORTANCE The casein kinase 2 (CK2) complex, crucial for eukaryotic growth, differentiation, and metabolic regulation, presents a promising therapeutic target for various human diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and obesity. Its potential as an antifungal target is further highlighted in this study, which explores CK2’s functions in C. neoformans , a key fungal meningitis pathogen. The CK2 complex in C. neoformans , comprising the Cka1 catalytic subunit and Ckb1/2 regulatory subunits, is integral to processes like growth, cell cycle, morphogenesis, stress response, drug resistance, and virulence. Our findings of CK2’s role in regulating critical signaling pathways, including Hog1, Mpk1 MAPKs, cAMP/PKA, and calcium/calcineurin, underscore its importance in C. neoformans pathogenicity. This study provides valuable insights into the fungal CK2 complex, reinforcing its potential as a target for novel antifungal drug development and pointing out a promising direction for creating new antifungal agents.

Pleiotropic roles of LAMMER kinase, Lkh1 in stress responses and virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans

“…For flow cytometry analysis, we prepared WT (H99) and lkh1 Δ mutant strains, as previously described ( Choi et al., 2024 ). Briefly, WT and lkh1 Δ mutant strains were cultured in a liquid YPD medium for 16 h. Next, each strain was grown to an optical density at 600 nm of 0.8 and washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS).…”