Case study: Fixture water use and drinking water quality in a new residential green building

Salehi, Maryam; Abouali, Mohammad; Wang, Mian; Zhou, Zhi; Nejadhashemi, A. Pouyan; Mitchell, Jade; Caskey, Stephen L.; Whelton, Andrew J.

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.070

Cited by 49 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…This study was conducted over a period of 19 days and the question remains whether the rate of lead leaching would decrease as time goes on. Salehi et al () found a WLL of 23 μg/L in a fixture in the basement of a recently built green building; in this case, lead was thought to have leached from a brass needle valve and the high WLLs were due to low water usage at the specific outlet. There clearly is a need to establish how effective kitchen and bathroom sink faucet replacement is in reducing WLLs in older buildings, and where fixture and connection replacement might have the greatest benefits.…”

Section: Implications For Strategies To Reduce Human Exposure To Leadmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…However, the high levels of lead seen in some samples in December 2015 and January 2016 may be due to the release of lead particulates. Salehi et al () showed that the addition of high concentrations of phosphate in soft water enhanced the stability of lead phosphate particles, resulting in increased concentrations of particulate lead in the water. Further study is needed to clarify whether an increase in phosphate levels in a water distribution system can release lead particulates, and until then caution should be exercised when optimizing phosphate levels in drinking water systems to ensure that the release of lead particles does not result in increased human exposure.…”

Section: Effect Of Elevated Phosphate Levels On Lead Releasementioning

confidence: 99%

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Reflections on the Lead and Copper Rule and Lead Levels in Flint's Water

Masten¹,

Davies²,

Haider³

et al. 2019

Journal AWWA

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Key Takeaways After the Flint water crisis, sampling programs were established to assess residential water lead levels. There have been differences in water lead levels for households with lead service lines versus those with copper service lines, and adding phosphate affects water lead levels. Since Flint's return to treated Lake Huron water in 2016, 90th percentile water lead levels have decreased, but they're higher than that reported in 2005–2011.

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Section: Implications For Strategies To Reduce Human Exposure To Leadmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Effect Of Elevated Phosphate Levels On Lead Releasementioning

confidence: 99%

Reflections on the Lead and Copper Rule and Lead Levels in Flint's Water

Masten¹,

Davies²,

Haider³

et al. 2019

Journal AWWA

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…One very practical relevance of biofilm growth and selection discussed above is the first colonization of drinking water plumbing systems during the commissioning of new buildings. Here, a wide variety of synthetic plumbing materials 34,35 provides biodegradable organic carbon 36,37 to complex drinking water microbial communities 38,39 . The consequence is biofilm formation and development in the plumbing system, which ultimately affects the microbiological quality of the drinking water 34,40 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Here, a wide variety of synthetic plumbing materials 34,35 provides biodegradable organic carbon 36,37 to complex drinking water microbial communities 38,39 . The consequence is biofilm formation and development in the plumbing system, which ultimately affects the microbiological quality of the drinking water 34,40 . Observations in recent years from several pilot-scale and full-scale studies reported considerable changes in drinking water microbial communities after passage through building plumbing systems.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To date, there are surprisingly few studies looking at this initial colonization of building plumbing materials, both full- and pilot-scale. A notable exception is the study by Salehi and colleagues 34 , where they monitored changes in water chemistry and bacterial growth during the first days/weeks of building occupation. Also, a study by Douterelo and colleagues 47 , showed that specific bacteria are dominant during the initial colonization (7 – 28 d) of distribution pipe materials.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Towards a probiotic approach for building plumbing – nutrient-based selection during initial biofilm formation on flexible polymeric materials

Neu

Laura

Hammes

2020

Preprint

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26Upon entering building plumbing systems, drinking water bacteria experience 27 considerable changes in environmental conditions. For example, some flexible 28 polymeric materials leach organic carbon, which increases bacterial growth and 29 reduces diversity. Here we show that the carbon supply by a flexible polymeric material 30 drives nutrient-based selection within establishing biofilm communities. We found that 31 migrating carbon from EPDM coupons resulted in considerable growth for different 32 drinking water communities (0.2 -3.3 x 10 8 cells/cm 2 ). All established biofilm 33 communities showed low diversity (29 -50 taxa/biofilm), with communities dominated 34 by even viewer taxa (e.g., 5 taxa accounting for 94 ± 5 % relative abundance, n = 15). 35Interestingly, biofilm communities shared some taxa (e.g., Methylobacterium spp.) and 36 families (e.g., Comamonadaceae), despite the difference in starting communities. 37Moreover, selected biofilm communities performed better than their original 38 communities regarding maximum attachment (91 ± 5 vs. 69 ± 23 %, n = 15) and 39 attachment rate (5.0 ± 1.7 x 10 4 vs. 2.4 ± 1.2 x 10 4 cells/cm 2 /h, n = 15) when exposed 40 to new EPDM coupons. Our results demonstrate nutrient-based selection during initial 41 biofilm formation on a flexible polymeric material and a resulting benefit to selected 42 communities. We anticipate our findings to help connecting observational 43 microbiological findings with their underlying ecological principles. Regarding initial 44 biofilm formation, attachment dynamics, growth, and selection thereof are important 45 for the management of microbial communities. In fact, managing initial colonization by 46 supplying specific carbon and/or introducing consciously chosen/designed 47 communities potentially paves the way for a probiotic approach for building plumbing 48 materials. 49 50

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Knowledge gaps and risks associated with premise plumbing drinking water quality

et al. 2020

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Sustainability, water conservation, water efficiency, and green infrastructure have led to significant decreases in the quantity of water used in buildings. In addition, changes in water usage, building design, plumbing material selection, and high‐efficiency fixtures contribute to water age and potential chemical and microbiological contamination. Through a literature review and stakeholder workshop with representatives from the public and private sectors, this article explores the current state of the science on plumbing safety. Results indicate that links between water usage, design, and material selection and water quality must be established with data‐driven methods to support risk assessment and risk management decisions. Of particular interest is a better understanding of the contribution of water usage and piping materials to the proliferation of opportunistic pathogens. This article will help further efforts to evaluate these pathogenic risks, a critical need as drinking water regulations have primarily focused on exposure through ingestion.

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Case study: Fixture water use and drinking water quality in a new residential green building

Cited by 49 publications

References 50 publications

Reflections on the Lead and Copper Rule and Lead Levels in Flint's Water

Reflections on the Lead and Copper Rule and Lead Levels in Flint's Water

Towards a probiotic approach for building plumbing – nutrient-based selection during initial biofilm formation on flexible polymeric materials

Knowledge gaps and risks associated with premise plumbing drinking water quality

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