Case Studies of Extreme Climatic Events in the Amazon Basin

Marengo, José A.; Hastenrath, Stefan

doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1993)006<0617:csoece>2.0.co;2

Cited by 127 publications

(86 citation statements)

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“…36 Hence, the high intensity of rainfall in the Amazon region in addition to both inadequate well installation and also ruminant excretion through urine and faeces might be influencing significantly higher nitrate concentrations observed near pastures. [37][38][39][40] Dissolved inorganic nitrogen in the riparian forest was very low with …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Groundwater quality comparison between rural farms and riparian wells in the western Amazon, Brazil

et al. 2011

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Recebido em 28/10/09; aceito em 30/7/10; publicado na web em 17/11/10Groundwater quality of a riparian forest is compared to wells in surrounding rural areas at Urupá River basin. Groundwater types were calcium bicarbonated at left margin and sodium chloride at right, whereas riparian wells exhibited a combination of both (sodium bicarbonate). Groundwater was mostly solute-depleted with concentrations within permissible limits for human consumption, except for nitrate. Isotopic composition suggests that inorganic carbon in Urupá River is mostly supplied by runoff instead of riparian groundwater. Hence, large pasture areas in addition to narrow riparian forest width in this watershed may have an important contribution in the chemical composition of this river.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Groundwater quality comparison between rural farms and riparian wells in the western Amazon, Brazil

et al. 2011

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“…G, c, and α are used to calculate R net , the net radiation at the lake surface (Equation 4). See Hastenrath andKutzbach (1983, 1985) for details.…”

Section: Model Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…where R net is net (shortwave minus longwave) radiation at the lake surface, B is the Bowen ratio, and L is the latent heat of evaporation (Hastenrath andKutzbach 1983, 1985). This model requires inputs for water and air temperatures, relative humidity, Bowen ratio, surface albedo, and cloud fraction (see Table 1).…”

Section: Model Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Late Quaternary Climate and Hydrology of Tropical South America Inferred from an Isotopic and Chemical Model of Lake Titicaca, Bolivia and Peru

et al. 2001

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A simple mass balance model provides insight into the hydrologic, isotopic, and chemical responses of Lake Titicaca to past climatic changes. Latest Pleistocene climate of the Altiplano is assumed to have been 20% wetter and 5°C colder than today, based on previous modeling. Our simulation of lacustrine change since 15,000 cal yr B.P. is forced by these modeled climate changes. The latest Pleistocene Lake Titicaca was deep, fresh, and overflowing. The latest Pleistocene riverine discharge from the lake was about 8 times greater than the modern average, sufficient to allow the expansion of the great paleolake Tauca on the central Altiplano. The lake δ 18 O value averaged about −13‰ SMOW (the modern value is about −4.2‰). The early Holocene decrease in precipitation caused Lake Titicaca to fall below its outlet and contributed to a rapid desiccation of paleolake Tauca. Continued evaporation caused the 100-m drop in lake level, but only a slight (1-2‰) increase (relative to modern) in δ 18 O of early Holocene lake waters. This Holocene lowstand level of nearly 100 m was most likely produced by a precipitation decrease, relative to modern, of about 40%. The lake was saline as recently as 2,000 cal yr B.P. The timing of these hydrologic changes is in general agreement with calculated changes of insolation forcing of the South American summer monsoon.

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“…The influence of PAC SSTs on Nordeste and Amazon rainfall, as well as the Pacific-Atlantic relationships and the local conditions that provide rainfall anomalies, have been described in various papers (Hastenrath and Heller, 1977;Kousky et al, 1984;Rao and Hada, 1987;Aceituno, 1988;Rogers, 1988;Marengo, 1992;Marengo and Hastenrath, 1993;Moron et al, 1995;Nobre and Shukla, 1996;Enfield and Mayer, 1997;Roucou, 1997;Marengo et al, 1998;Uvo et al, 1998;Liebmann and Marengo, 2001;Pezzi and Cavalcanti, 2001;Molinier et al, in press).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Interannual rainfall variability in the Amazon basin and sea‐surface temperatures in the equatorial Pacific and the tropical Atlantic Oceans

Ronchail¹,

Cochonneau²,

Molinier³

et al. 2002

Intl Journal of Climatology

227

188

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Rainfall variability in the Amazon basin is studied in relation to sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) in the equatorial Pacific and the northern and southern tropical Atlantic during the 1977-99 period, using the HiBAm original rainfall data set and complementary cluster and composite analyses.The northeastern part of the basin, north of 5°S and east of 60°W, is significantly related with tropical SSTs: a rainier wet season is observed when the equatorial Pacific and the northern (southern) tropical Atlantic are anomalously cold (warm). A shorter and drier wet season is observed during El Niño events and negative rainfall anomalies are also significantly associated with a warm northern Atlantic in the austral autumn and a cold southern Atlantic in the spring. The northeastern Amazon rainfall anomalies are closely related with El Niño-southern oscillation during the whole year, whereas the relationships with the tropical Atlantic SST anomalies are mainly observed during the autumn. A time-space continuity is observed between El Niño-related rainfall anomalies in the northeastern Amazon, those in the northern Amazon and south-eastern Amazon, and those in northern South America and in the Nordeste of Brazil.A reinforcement of certain rainfall anomalies is observed when specific oceanic events combine. For instance, when El Niño and cold SSTs in the southern Atlantic are associated, very strong negative anomalies are observed in the whole northern Amazon basin. Nonetheless, the comparison of the cluster and the composite analyses results shows that the rainfall anomalies in the northeastern Amazon are not always associated with tropical SST anomalies.In the southern and western Amazon, significant tropical SST-related rainfall anomalies are very few and spatially variable. The precipitation origins differ from those of the northeastern Amazon: land temperature variability, extratropical perturbations and moisture advection are important rainfall factors, as well as SSTs. This could partially explain why: (a) the above-mentioned signals weaken or disappear, with the exception of the relative dryness that is observed at the peak of an El Niño event and during the dry season when northern Atlantic SSTs are warmer than usual; (b) rainfall anomalies tend to resemble those of southeastern South America, noticeably at the beginning and the end of El Niño and La Niña events; (c) some strong excesses of rain are not associated with any SST anomalies and merit further investigation.

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Case Studies of Extreme Climatic Events in the Amazon Basin

Cited by 127 publications

References 0 publications

Groundwater quality comparison between rural farms and riparian wells in the western Amazon, Brazil

Groundwater quality comparison between rural farms and riparian wells in the western Amazon, Brazil

Late Quaternary Climate and Hydrology of Tropical South America Inferred from an Isotopic and Chemical Model of Lake Titicaca, Bolivia and Peru

Interannual rainfall variability in the Amazon basin and sea‐surface temperatures in the equatorial Pacific and the tropical Atlantic Oceans

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