Case report of deaths caused by freon gas

Murakami, Masahiko; Miki, Akemii; Kazama, Hisashi; Sakata, Masakatsu

doi:10.1016/0300-9432(77)90027-9

Cited by 19 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 13 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Morita and colleagues reported the findings of two autopsies of victims exposed to Freon-22 in the compartment of a deep-sea fishing boat (1). Athough there were no deaths in this accident, several fatal cases have been reported in the literature.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As the boiling point of Freon-22 is lower than other Freons (À 40.8°C), it is useful for freezing large quantities in a short time (1,2) and is the preferable refrigerant in the fish and seafood industries. As the boiling point of Freon-22 is lower than other Freons (À 40.8°C), it is useful for freezing large quantities in a short time (1,2) and is the preferable refrigerant in the fish and seafood industries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As the boiling point of Freon-22 is lower than other Freons (À 40.8°C), it is useful for freezing large quantities in a short time (1,2) and is the preferable refrigerant in the fish and seafood industries. Sudden death has been reported (1,8,9). Further, it can cause severe hypoxemia by displacing oxygen.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Acute Inhalational Exposure to Chlorodifluoromethane (Freon-22): A Report of 43 Cases

Kubota

Miyata

2005

Clinical Toxicology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We report 43 cases of chlorodifluoromethane (Freon-22) intoxication that occurred on August 5, 2003 when a freezer in a seafood factory exploded. In this accident, 80 workers were exposed to Freon-22 gas and 43 workers developed symptoms and were transferred to six hospitals. Neurological symptoms including dizziness, headache, and nausea were most frequently observed (40 of 43 patients). One patient was comatose but recovered within 1 h with oxygen inhalation. Airway and respiratory symptoms including dysesthesia of the tongue, pharyngitis, and shortness of breath were also frequently observed (26 of 43 patients). These symptoms disappeared within a few days in all patients. There were no fatalities. Although Freon-22 has been considered to be a chlorofluorocarbon of relatively low toxicity, this incident suggests that potentially significant toxic effects may occur following large exposures.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Acute Inhalational Exposure to Chlorodifluoromethane (Freon-22): A Report of 43 Cases

Kubota

Miyata

2005

Clinical Toxicology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Metabolism, as estimated from urinary fluoride levels, was minimal. Elevated levels of HCFC 22 were found in two individuals who had died from inhalation of HCFC 22 during an accident on a fishing vessel (Morita et al 1977).…”

Section: 47; Cclf 2 H)mentioning

confidence: 95%

The development of environmentally acceptable fluorocarbons

Rusch¹

2018

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were introduced in the 1930s as the safe replacements for the toxic and flammable refrigerants being used at that time. Subsequently, hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) were also developed. In addition to refrigerant applications, they were used as foam blowing agents, as solvents and as propellants for many aerosols. In the 1970s and 1980s, concern developed about their environmental impact, specifically on stratospheric ozone depletion. Industry began to consider acceptable replacements. In 1987, many of the governments of the world came together and drafted the Montreal Protocol, calling upon Industry to initially phase out production of the CFCs and later HCFCs. Within 4 months of the signing of the Montreal Protocol, the 15 global major producers joined together to form the Alternative Fluorocarbons Environmental Acceptability Study (AFEAS), which sponsored research into environmental effects and the Program for Alternative Fluorocarbons toxicity Testing, PAFT), which examined the toxicology of potential replacements for the CFCs and HCFCs. Nine replacements were identified by companies and, through this international cooperation; toxicology programs were designed, conducted, and evaluated without duplication of effort and testing; consequently these new products were introduced within less than 10 years. Indeed the Montreal Protocol has been recognized as the most appropriate international treaty to phase-down HFCs. In 2016 the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol set out a phase-down schedule for the consumption and production of HFCs. In order to reduce the consumption and emissions of high GWP HFCs. Recently lower GWP HFCs and very low GWP HFOs (hydrofluoroolefins and HCFOs (hydrochlorofluoroolefins) have been introduced into a range of applications. Summaries of the toxicology profiles of some of the original CFCs and HCFCs, the replacements and the new post-PAFT replacements are described.

show abstract