Case Report: Load, Intensity, and Performance Characteristics in Multiple Grand Tours

Erp, Teun van; Hoozemans, M.J.M.; Foster, Carl; Koning, Jos J. de

doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002210

Cited by 26 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Padilla et al [15] reported higher Speed mean values in professionals (range: 18.5-26.5 km•h -1 ) for different climb categories compared to the current study (range: 18.1-22.1 km•h -1 ). Derived Speed mean values of key mountain climbs during cycling grand tours [26] revealed similar Speed mean recordings (range: 20.9-22.2 km•h -1 ) compared to professionals in this study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 65%

“…Power mean for Cat 1 for professionals (5.4 W•kg -1 ) was lower than values previously reported by Van Erp et al [26] and Pinot and Grappe [1] (5.7-6.0 W•kg -1 ) during key mountain climbs of the Giro d'Italia, the Tour de France and the Vuelta a España. 'Tour of the Alps' is considered a preparation race for the Giro d'Italia and therefore it may be possible that riders were not at peak fitness during 'Tour of the Alps'.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 54%

“…In addition, many practitioners in professional road cycling use the rate of elevation gain (VAM) to compare uphill cycling performance between different climbs [24,25]. Interestingly, Van Erp et al [26] showed that for a general classification contender climbing performance during a cycling grand tour can be influenced by prior workload and intensity metrics. However, Leo et al [18] found that workload and intensity metrics were not directly predictive of overall race performance in a group of U23 and professional cyclists during a five-day multistage race.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Climbing Performance in U23 and Professional Cyclists during a Multi-stage Race

et al. 2021

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The aim of this study was to analyze climbing performance across two editions of a professional multistage race, and assess the influence of climb category, prior workload, and intensity measures on climbing performance in U23 and professional cyclists. Nine U23 cyclists (age 20.8±0.9 years) and 8 professional cyclists (28.1±3.2 years) participated in this study. Data were divided into four types: overall race performance, climb category, climbing performance metrics (power output, ascent velocity, speed), and workload and intensity measures. Differences in performance metrics and workload and intensity measures between groups were investigated. Power output, ascent velocity, speed were higher in professionals than U23 cyclists for Cat 1 and Cat 2 (p≤0.001–0.016). Workload and intensity measures (Worktotal, Worktotal∙km-1, Elevationgain, eTRIMP and eTRIMP∙km-1) were higher in U23 compared to professionals (p=0.002–0.014). Climbing performance metrics were significantly predicted by prior workload and intensity measures for Cat 1 and 2 (R2=0.27–0.89, p≤0.001–0.030) but not Cat 3. These findings reveal that climbing performance in professional road cycling is influenced by climb categorization as well as prior workload and intensity measures. Combined, these findings suggest that Cat 1 and 2 climbing performance could be predicted from workload and intensity measures.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 65%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 54%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Climbing Performance in U23 and Professional Cyclists during a Multi-stage Race

et al. 2021

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“…The oxidation of substrates during exercise contributes significantly to increase body core temperature as only about 20 to 25% (510,550) of metabolic energy is converted to mechanical work, with the majority released as heat. To compete for the podium in a cycling grand tour, such as the Tour de France, elite cyclists need to deliver a power output of ~6 W.kg -1 in the mountains (1002), which leads to a sustained (30-60 min) heat production of ~1,400 W for a 70 kg male. The highest ever recorded maximal rate of oxygen consumption (V̇O2max) is 96.7 ml.kg -1 .min -1 (796).…”

Section: Task Dependent Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise under heat stress: thermoregulation, hydration, performance implications, and mitigation strategies

Périard

Eijsvogels²,

Daanen

2021

Physiological Reviews

175

166

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A rise in body core temperature and loss of body water via sweating are natural consequences of prolonged exercise in the heat. This review provides a comprehensive and integrative overview of how the human body responds to exercise under heat stress and the countermeasures that can be adopted to enhance aerobic performance under such environmental conditions. The fundamental concepts and physiological processes associated with thermoregulation and fluid balance are initially described, followed by a summary of methods to determine thermal strain and hydration status. An outline is provided on how exercise-heat stress disrupts these homeostatic processes, leading to hyperthermia, hypohydration, sodium disturbances and in some cases exertional heat illness. The impact of heat stress on human performance is also examined, including the underlying physiological mechanisms that mediate the impairment of exercise performance. Similarly, the influence of hydration status on performance in the heat and how systemic and peripheral hemodynamic adjustments contribute to fatigue development is elucidated. This review also discusses strategies to mitigate the effects of hyperthermia and hypohydration on exercise performance in the heat, by examining the benefits of heat acclimation, cooling strategies and hyperhydration. Finally, contemporary controversies are summarized and future research directions provided.

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“…7 However, some studies have shown that the relationship between TL and performance is not straight forward. [8][9][10] This may be because relatively little attention has been given to validating how TL is derived from the intensity and duration of individual training sessions, 11 before TL is summed across multiple sessions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Continuous Versus Intermittent Running: Acute Performance Decrement and Training Load

Kesisoglou¹,

Nicolò²,

Howland³

et al. 2021

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

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Purpose: To examine the effect of continuous (CON) and intermittent (INT) running training sessions of different durations and intensities on subsequent performance and calculated training load (TL). Methods: Runners (N = 11) performed a 1500-m time trial as a baseline and after completing 4 different running training sessions. The training sessions were performed in a randomized order and were either maximal for 10 minutes (10CON and 10INT) or submaximal for 25 minutes (25CON and 25INT). An acute performance decrement (APD) was calculated as the percentage change in 1500-m time-trial speed measured after training compared with baseline. The pattern of APD response was compared with that for several TL metrics (bTRIMP, eTRIMP, iTRIMP, running training stress score, and session rating of perceived exertion) for the respective training sessions. Results: Average speed (P < .001, ) was different for each of the initial training sessions, which all resulted in a significant APD. This APD was similar when compared across the sessions except for a greater APD found after 10INT versus 25CON (P = .02). In contrast, most TL metrics were different and showed the opposite response to APD, being higher for CON versus INT and lower for 10- versus 25-minute sessions (P < .001, ). Conclusion: An APD was observed consistently after running training sessions, but it was not consistent with most of the calculated TL metrics. The lack of agreement found between APD and TL suggests that current methods for quantifying TL are flawed when used to compare CON and INT running training sessions of different durations and intensities.

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Case Report: Load, Intensity, and Performance Characteristics in Multiple Grand Tours

Cited by 26 publications

References 27 publications

Climbing Performance in U23 and Professional Cyclists during a Multi-stage Race

Climbing Performance in U23 and Professional Cyclists during a Multi-stage Race

Exercise under heat stress: thermoregulation, hydration, performance implications, and mitigation strategies

Continuous Versus Intermittent Running: Acute Performance Decrement and Training Load

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