Case Report: Invasive Sinusitis due to Sporothrix Brasiliensis in a Renal Transplant Recipient

Sporothrix ( Ophiostomatales ) comprises species that are pathogenic to humans and other mammals as well as environmental fungi. Developments in molecular phylogeny have changed our perceptions about the epidemiology, host-association, and virulence of Sporothrix . The classical agent of sporotrichosis, Sporothrix schenckii , now comprises several species nested in a clinical clade with S. brasiliensis , S. globosa , and S. luriei . To gain a more precise view of outbreaks dynamics, structure, and origin of genetic variation within and among populations of Sporothrix , we applied three sets of discriminatory AFLP markers (#3 EcoRI-GA/MseI-TT, #5 EcoRI-GA/MseI-AG, and #6 EcoRI-TA/MseI-AA) and mating-type analysis to a large collection of human, animal and environmental isolates spanning the major endemic areas. A total of 451 polymorphic loci were amplified in vitro from 188 samples, and revealed high polymorphism information content ( PIC = 0.1765–0.2253), marker index ( MI = 0.0001–0.0002), effective multiplex ratio ( E = 15.1720–23.5591), resolving power ( Rp = 26.1075–40.2795), discriminating power ( D = 0.9766–0.9879), expected heterozygosity ( H = 0.1957–0.2588), and mean heterozygosity ( H avp = 0.000007–0.000009), demonstrating the effectiveness of AFLP markers to speciate Sporothrix . Analysis using the program structure indicated three genetic clusters matching S. brasiliensis (population 1), S. schenckii (population 2), and S. globosa (population 3), with the presence of patterns of admixture amongst all populations. AMOVA revealed highly structured clusters (PhiPT = 0.458–0.484, P < 0.0001), with roughly equivalent genetic variability within (46–48 %) and between (52–54 %) populations. Heterothallism was the exclusive mating strategy, and the distributions of MAT1-1 or MAT1-2 idiomorphs were not significantly skewed (1:1 ratio) for S. schenckii (χ 2 = 2.522; P = 0.1122), supporting random mating. In contrast, skewed distributions were found for S. globosa (χ 2 = 9.529; P = 0.0020) with a predominance of MAT1-1 isolates, and regional differences were highlighted for S. brasiliensis with the overwhelming occurrence of MAT1-2 in Rio de Janeiro (χ 2 = 14.222; P = 0.0002) and Pernambuco (χ 2 ...

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“…2015 , Boechat et al. 2018 , Nepomuceno Araújo et al. 2021 ), suggesting that we are perhaps at an early stage of the sporotrichosis epidemic.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Exploring genetic diversity, population structure, and phylogeography in Paracoccidioides species using AFLP markers

Carvalho¹,

Beale²,

Hagen³

et al. 2021

Studies in Mycology

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“…A total of 68 publications with 11,050 cases of sporotrichosis were found in South America [ 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 , 110 , 111 , 112 , 113 , 114 , 115 , 116 , 117 , 118 , 119 , 120 …”

Section: Epidemiology Of Sporotrichosis In South Americamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of these, 4 reports were found in Argentina during the analyzed period with 38 cases, of which 9 were caused by S. schenckii sensu stricto (23.68%), 26 by S. brasiliensis (68.52%), 1 by S. globosa (2.6%), 1 by S. schenckii (2.6%), and 1 by S. schenckii complex (2.6%) [ 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 ]. Brazil reported 42 articles with 5546 analyzed cases [ 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 ], identifying Sporothrix spp. and S. schenckii complex as the causative agent in 4906 cases (88.46%), S. schenckii in 302 (5.45%), S. brasiliensis in 125 (2.25%), Sporothrix sensu lato in 110 (1.98%), S. globosa plus S. schenckii in 91 cases (1.64%) Sporothrix sensu stricto in 5 (0.09%), S. globosa in 4 (0.07%), and S. mexicana in 3 (0.05%) during the studied period.…”

Section: Epidemiology Of Sporotrichosis In South Americamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Brazil, the main pathogenic agent was Sporothrix spp. with 95.56%, S. brasiliensis 2.25%, S. globosa plus S. schenckii 1.64%, S. schenckii 0.41%, S. globosa 0.07%, and S. mexicana 0.05% [ 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 ]. In Colombia, S. schenckii 44.00%, Sporothrix spp.…”

Section: Epidemiology Of Sporotrichosis In South Americamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most frequent types of disease were lymphocutaneous with 3293 cases (29.47%), fixed cutaneous with 1947 (17.43%), disseminated cutaneous with 34 (0.30%), systemic form with 18 (0.16%), and others with 177 cases (1.60%). However, there were 5702 cases (51.04%) with undetermined types from all the cases diagnosed as sporotrichosis [ 56 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 , 110 , 111 , 112 , 113 , 114 , 115 ,…”

Section: Epidemiology Of Sporotrichosis In South Americamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epidemiology of Clinical Sporotrichosis in the Americas in the Last Ten Years

Hernández‐Castro

Pinto‐Almazán

Arenas

et al. 2022

JoF

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Background: Sporotrichosis is a fungal infection caused by species of the Sporothrix genus. Presently, the prevalence of sporotrichosis in the Americas is unknown, so this study aims to analyze the cases reported in the past 10 years. Methods: An advanced search was conducted from 2012 to 2022 in English and Spanish in PUBMED, SciELO, and Cochrane, with the terms: “sporotrichosis”, “lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis”, “fixed sporotrichosis”, “mycosis”, “Sporothrix spp.”, “Sporothrix complex”, “S. schenckii sensu stricto”, “S. schenckii sensu lato”, “S. globose”, “S. brasiliensis”, “S. luriei”. Sporotrichosis is a fungal infection caused by species of the Sporothrix genus associated with “pathogenicity” or “epidemiology”. Results: A total of 124 articles were found in the Americas, corresponding to 12,568 patients. Of these, 87.38% of cases were reported in South America, 11.62% in North America, and 1.00% in Central America and the Caribbean. Brazil, Peru, and Mexico had the highest number of cases. The most prevalent etiological agents were S. schenckii complex/Sporothrix spp. (52.91%), S. schenckii (42.38%), others (4.68%), and Not Determined (ND) (0.03%). The most frequent form of the disease was lymphocutaneous infection; however, the infection type was not determined in 5639 cases. Among the diagnostic methods, culture was the most used. Conclusions: There is a high occurrence of cases reported in the literature. South America is the region with the highest number of reports because of its environment (climate, inhalation of spores, etc.), zoonotic transmission (scratches and sneezes from contaminated animals), and possible traumatic inoculation due to outdoor activities (agriculture, gardening, and related occupations). Molecular diagnosis has not been sufficiently developed due to its high cost.

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Current Progress on Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Sporotrichosis and Their Future Trends

Rodrigues

Gonçalves

Carvalho

et al. 2022

JoF

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Sporotrichosis, a human and animal disease caused by Sporothrix species, is the most important implantation mycosis worldwide. Sporothrix taxonomy has improved in recent years, allowing important advances in diagnosis, epidemiology, and treatment. Molecular epidemiology reveals that S. brasiliensis remains highly prevalent during the cat-transmitted sporotrichosis outbreaks in South America and that the spread of S. brasiliensis occurs through founder effects. Sporothrix globosa and S. schenckii are cosmopolitan on the move, causing major sapronoses in Asia and the Americas, respectively. In this emerging scenario, one-health approaches are required to develop a creative, effective, and sustainable response to tackle the spread of sporotrichosis. In the 21st century, it has become vital to speciate Sporothrix, and PCR is the main pillar of molecular diagnosis, aiming at the detection of the pathogen DNA from clinical samples through multiplex assays, whose sensitivity reaches remarkably three copies of the target. The treatment of sporotrichosis can be challenging, especially after the emergence of resistance to azoles and polyenes. Alternative drugs arising from discoveries or repositioning have entered the radar of basic research over the last decade and point to several molecules with antifungal potential, especially the hydrazone derivatives with great in vitro and in vivo activities. There are many promising developments for the near future, and in this review, we discuss how these trends can be applied to the Sporothrix-sporotrichosis system to mitigate the advance of an emerging and re-emerging disease.

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Case Report: Invasive Sinusitis due to Sporothrix Brasiliensis in a Renal Transplant Recipient

Cited by 4 publications

References 33 publications

Exploring genetic diversity, population structure, and phylogeography in Paracoccidioides species using AFLP markers

Exploring genetic diversity, population structure, and phylogeography in Paracoccidioides species using AFLP markers

Epidemiology of Clinical Sporotrichosis in the Americas in the Last Ten Years

Current Progress on Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Sporotrichosis and Their Future Trends

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