Case Report: Effect of low energy availability and training load on sleep in a male combat sport athlete

Thomas, Craig; Langan-Evans, Carl; Germaine, Mark; Artukovic, Mario; Jones, Helen; Whitworth-Turner, Craig; Close, Graeme L.; Louis, Julien

doi:10.3389/fspor.2022.981755

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Occasionally, athletes may be in a state of low energy availability (e.g., sudden decrease of energy intake in case of weight loss). A case study reported that weight loss practices did not compromise the sleep of martial sports athletes ( 12 ). Research on sleep patterns of athletes during the early coronavirus disease lockdown showed that sleep quality and quantity were characterized as “normal” for half of them, followed by those reporting “improved” and “worsened” sleep ( 13 ).…”

Section: Sleep and Athletesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sleep in marathon and ultramarathon runners: a brief narrative review

Nikolaidis,

Weiss,

Knechtle

et al. 2023

Front. Neurol.

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IntroductionSleep is considered a fundamental biological function in humans necessary for recovery from daily physical activities. Considering the increasing popularity of long-distance running and participation in races such as marathons and ultramarathons, the aim of the present study was to review the relationship of such strenuous physical activities with sleep.MethodsA search of Scopus was performed on 24/6/2023 using the syntax [ABS (sleep) AND ABS (marathon)] to identify relevant papers, the references of which were hand-searched to find additional sources.ResultsOptimal sleep has been shown to affect injury prevention and susceptibility to infection positively. In turn, participation in a marathon race may influence nocturnal autonomic modulation and disturb homeostasis. Ultramarathon races may have such a long duration that results in sleep deprivation even for several days, where sleep duration is quite below the physiological range. It seems that for ultramarathons of short duration, continuous running and sleep deprivation are beneficial for performance. In contrast, for races longer than 200 miles, it is necessary to develop sleep strategies to sustain performance.ConclusionIn summary, the longer the distance of a running race, the greater the importance of an optimal sleep for race performance as well as the impact of a race on sleep.

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Section: Sleep and Athletesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sleep in marathon and ultramarathon runners: a brief narrative review

Nikolaidis,

Weiss,

Knechtle

et al. 2023

Front. Neurol.

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“…However, this study only used a subjective assessment of sleep quality among a limited number of participants ( n = 13). Thomas et al [ 28 ] explored sleep patterns over a prolonged period of time, including chronic (8 weeks: phases 1 and 2) followed by acute (5 days: phase 3) weight loss practices in a case report concerning a taekwondo athlete. They found a decrease in total sleep time (TST) but an increase in SE during the third phase compared to phases 1 and 2.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between Low Energy Availability (LEA) and Impaired Sleep Quality in Young Rugby Players

Saidi,

Souabni,

Del Sordo

et al. 2024

Nutrients

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Low energy availability (LEA) has been associated with several physiological consequences, but its impact on sleep has not been sufficiently investigated, especially in the context of young athletes. This study examined the potential association between energy availability (EA) status and objective sleep quality in 42 male rugby players (mean age: 16.2 ± 0.8 years) during a 7-day follow-up with fixed sleep schedules in the midst of an intensive training phase. Participants’ energy intake was weighed and recorded. Exercise expenditure was estimated using accelerometry. Portable polysomnography devices captured sleep on the last night of the follow-up. Mean EA was 29.3 ± 9.14 kcal·kg FFM−1·day−1, with 47.6% of athletes presenting LEA, 35.7% Reduced Energy Availability (REA), and 16.7% Optimal Energy Availability (OEA). Lower sleep efficiency (SE) and N3 stage proportion, along with higher wake after sleep onset (WASO), were found in participants with LEA compared to those with OEA (p = 0.04, p = 0.03 and p = 0.005, respectively, with large effect sizes). Segmented regression models of the EA-sleep outcomes (SE, sleep onset latency [SOL]), WASO and N3) relationships displayed two separate linear regions and produced a best fit with a breakpoint between 21–33 kcal·kg FFM−1·day−1. Below these thresholds, sleep quality declines considerably. It is imperative for athletic administrators, nutritionists, and coaches to conscientiously consider the potential impact of LEA on young athletes’ sleep, especially during periods of heavy training.

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“…These practices can be dangerous to health and are strongly discouraged [ 8 ]. Both chronic and acute weight loss practices are seen in the training phase of boxers and were in a state of LEA during the entire training period in the previous study [ 9 ]. There are no studies reported with respect to the ES of Indian boxers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Nutritional Status and Energy Availability of Indian Boxers

Rathod,

Chandorkar

2024

Cureus

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Background: Inadequate dietary intake and low energy availability (LEA) negatively impact athlete's health, recovery, and performance outcomes. Currently, there is no Indian study that assessed the energy availability (EA) of Indian boxers and studied the contributing factors to LEA. This study was undertaken with the objectives of assessing the EA of Indian boxers (lightweight category) and correlating it with contributing factors such as anthropometric measurements, body composition, dietary intake, nutrient intake, and exercise energy expenditure. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study recruited 30 state-level boxers of the lightweight category (females: nine) residing in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, using purposive sampling. Body composition was assessed using a body composition monitor. Anthropometric measurements were assessed using standard methods. Three-day exercise energy expenditure was calculated. Three-day dietary intake was assessed, which included two training days and one rest day using the three-day multiple-pass method. Dietary intake assessment included intake of all the meals, snacks, sports foods, sports, and dietary supplements. EA was calculated and participants were classified as moderate EA (30-45 kcal/kg FFM/day) and low EA (< 30 kcal/kg FFM/day). Descriptive and inferential statistical tests were conducted using Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS, version 23; IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Armonk, NY). Results: Male boxers had a mean age of 18.43±0.93 years, and females had a mean age of 18.44±0.88 years. Among boxers, 36.67% (n=11) of participants were underweight, 46.67% (n=14) had a normal BMI, and 16.67% (n=5) were overweight. The mean body fat (%) for boxers was 13.11±1.8. Participants had insufficient consumption of different food groups before and after the energy intake adjustment. Processed packaged food consumption was popular among the participants. Various kinds of sports foods and supplements were consumed by a few athletes. Dietary supplements were not common among participants. The nutrient intake of the participants was inadequate. Participants could not fulfill energy/kg/day, carbohydrate/kg/day, protein/kg/day, and fat/kg/day requirements by 29%, 36.2%, 34.8%, and 23.9%, respectively. Iron and calcium intake was inadequate among female participants by 1.4% and 12.8%, respectively. Among male boxers, the mean EA was 29.71±3.74 kcal/kg FFM/day, and the mean EA of female boxers was 28.3±3.95 kcal/kg FFM/day. Around 66.67% of boxers in the present study had LEA, while the rest had reduced EA. EA had a moderately significant inverse relationship with fat-free mass (%). Energy intake was significantly related to EA and total body muscle % significantly moderated that relationship. The influence of fat-free mass (%), EEE (kcal), and energy intake (kcal) on the EA (kcal/kg FFM/day) was significant using multiple linear regression analysis. Conclusions: The majority of the participants could not meet the food intake ...

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Case Report: Effect of low energy availability and training load on sleep in a male combat sport athlete

Cited by 4 publications

References 39 publications

Sleep in marathon and ultramarathon runners: a brief narrative review

Sleep in marathon and ultramarathon runners: a brief narrative review

Association between Low Energy Availability (LEA) and Impaired Sleep Quality in Young Rugby Players

Assessment of Nutritional Status and Energy Availability of Indian Boxers

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