Case of respiratory allergy due to inhalation of grain smuts

Wittich, F W; Stakman, E.C.

doi:10.1016/s0021-8707(37)90278-8

Cited by 26 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…These orders were predominantly represented by the fungal genera Cryptococcus, Ustilago, and Rhodotorula, respectively. Each of these fungal genera has been previously associated with respiratory morbidity 34,[45][46][47] and may represent additional sources of exposure for subjects sensitized to fungal bioaerosols in these KCSHHP indoor environments. Other Basidiomycota that cause skin infections were additionally identied in the analysis and included the genera, Malassezia and Trichosporon.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Internal transcribed spacer rRNA gene sequencing analysis of fungal diversity in Kansas City indoor environments

Rittenour

Ciaccio

Barnes

et al. 2014

Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts

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Compared to traditional methods of fungal exposure assessment, molecular methods have provided new insight into the richness of fungal communities present in both indoor and outdoor environments. In this study, we describe the diversity of fungi in the homes of asthmatic children located in Kansas City. Fungal diversity was determined by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of ribosomal RNA derived from fungi collected in air and dust samples from 31 homes participating in the Kansas City Safe and Healthy Homes Program (KCSHHP). Sequencing results were then compared to data obtained using viable and non-viable fungal exposure assessment methods. ITS clone libraries were predominantly derived from the phylum Ascomycota in both air (68%) and dust (92%) samples and followed by the Basidiomycota and Zygomycota. The majority of Ascomycota clones belonged to four orders including the Pleosporales, Eurotiales, Capnodiales, and Dothideales. ITS sequencing revealed the presence of a number of rarely documented fungal species placed in the Pleosporales. Several species placed in the Basidiomycota were detected in ITS clone libraries but not by viable or non-viable methods. The prevalence of organizational taxonomic units (OTUs) was significantly higher in air than in dust samples (p < 0.0001); however, no differences between OTUs in air samples collected in the subjects’ room and basement were observed. These sequencing results demonstrate a much broader diversity of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota communities in KCSHHP indoor environments than previously estimated using traditional methods of assessment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Internal transcribed spacer rRNA gene sequencing analysis of fungal diversity in Kansas City indoor environments

Rittenour

Ciaccio

Barnes

et al. 2014

Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts

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“…There are an estimated 20,000 to 25,000 species, including mushrooms, puffballs, bracket fungi, rusts, and smuts. Two case reports, one in the 1920s and another in the 1930s, indicated that smut chlamydospores (32,217) and rust urediospores contained allergens. Both spore types are asexual.…”

Section: Basidiomycetesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungal allergens

et al. 1995

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Airborne fungal spores occur widely and often in far greater concentrations than pollen grains. Immunoglobulin E-specific antigens (allergens) on airborne fungal spores induce type I hypersensitivity (allergic) respiratory reactions in sensitized atopic subjects, causing rhinitis and/or asthma. The prevalence of respiratory allergy to fungi is imprecisely known but is estimated at 20 to 30% of atopic (allergy-predisposed) individuals or up to 6% of the general population. Diagnosis and immunotherapy of allergy to fungi require well-characterized or standardized extracts that contain the relevant allergen(s) of the appropriate fungus. Production of standardized extracts is difficult since fungal extracts are complex mixtures and a variety of fungi are allergenic. Thus, the currently available extracts are largely nonstandardized, even uncharacterized, crude extracts. Recent significant progress in isolating and characterizing relevant fungal allergens is summarized in the present review. Particularly, some allergens from the genera Alternaria, Aspergillus, and Cladosporium are now thoroughly characterized, and allergens from several other genera, including some basidiomycetes, have also been purified. The availability of these extracts will facilitate definitive studies of fungal allergy prevalence and immunotherapy efficacy as well as enhance both the diagnosis and therapy of fungal allergy.

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“…Some industrial operations employ molds in manufacturing processes or produce waste products in which molds may flourish. Many species of fungi occur in high concentration in cereal and feed mills and in grain elevators; veritable clouds of spores discharged through exhaust vents in these plants may con taminate large areas of the surrounding countryside (20).…”

Section: Sources and Distribution Of Moldsmentioning

confidence: 99%