Case of haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis following Epstein-Barr virus infection

Abstract

Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare diagnosis that carries a high degree of mortality. We present this case of a previously healthy 22-year-old woman, who was admitted acutely ill to the hospital. One week prior, she had been seen by her primary care physician for fatigue and malaise. At that time, she was noted to have anterior and posterior cervical lymphadenopathy. She was referred to the emergency room and was diagnosed with acute Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) mononucleosis based on her clinical symptoms and positive heterophile antibody test. She was discharged after an uneventful 48-hour stay on the wards. She represented 7 days after discharge with cough, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, epigastric abdominal pain, diarrhoea, weight loss and subjective fevers. She had also reported haematemesis, epistaxis and melaena. Vital signs included temperature 36.9°C, blood pressure 90/50 mm Hg, heart rate 130 beats per minute and respiratory rate 32 breaths per minute. Physical examination was notable for an acutely ill appearing woman with scleral icterus, hepatosplenomegaly and palpable cervical and axillary lymphadenopathy. Complete blood count showed pancytopaenia with haemoglobin 59 g/L (normal 120–160 g/L), white blood cell count 2.7×109/L (normal 4–10.5×109/L) and platelet count 50×109/L (normal 150–450×109/L). The white blood cell count differential included 58% neutrophils (normal 38%–77%) with immature neutrophils in band form elevated at 45% (normal <14%), 16% lymphocytes (normal 20%–48%), 7% monocytes (normal <12%) and no eosinophils (normal <6%). Blood smear revealed anisocytosis, poikilocytosis and hypochromia. Coagulation panel showed elevated levels of d-dimer level at 1.39 µg/mL (normal <0.45 µg/mL), prolonged prothrombin time at 34.4 s (normal 11–15 s), prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time of 55.6 s (normal 25–34 s), prolonged international normalised ratio at 3.31 (normal <1.1) and low fibrinogen 60 mg/dL (normal >200 mg/dL). Lipid panel showed cholesterol at 114 mg/dL (normal 125–200 mg/dL), triglycerides 207 mg/dL (normal 30–150 mg/dL), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol 10 mg/dL (normal 40–60 mg/dL) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol 63 mg/dL (normal <100 mg/dL). Other lab abnormalities included elevated ferritin of 6513 ng/mL (normal 10–150 ng/mL) and elevated lactate dehydrogenase of 1071 unit/L (normal 95–240 unit/L). Soluble interleukin-2 receptor alpha level was elevated at 60 727 units/mL (normal 223–710 units/mL). Fluorodeoxyglucose–positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) scan showed abnormal tracer localisation within the paratracheal, hilar, pelvic, abdominal and subcarinal lymph nodes, along with FDG-PET positive hepatosplenomegaly. A bone marrow biopsy showed hypercellular marrow (95% cellularity) with trilineage haematopoiesis, haemophagocytic cells, polytypic plasmacytosis and T-cell lymphocytosis, along with positive latent membrane protein-1 immunohistochemical staining for EBV. EBV quantitative DNA PCR showed >1 million copies. These findings were consistent with a diagnosis of HLH secondary to EBV infection. Despite intense therapy with the HLH-94 protocol, the patient expired from her illness after a prolonged hospital course.

Apolipoprotein-A-I for severe COVID-19-induced hyperinflammatory states: A prospective case study

“…Low serum levels of ApoA-I may increase both the risk of developing COVID-19 ( Poynard et al, 2020 ) and the risk of developing severe forms of COVID-19 ( Begue et al, 2021 ). Such a decrease in ApoA-I or HDL-C is a common finding in cytokine storms and was observed in virus-induced and familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) ( Henter et al, 1991 ; Kraskovsky et al, 2021 ) and in dengue shock syndrome ( Marin-Palma et al, 2019 ). Thus, the results derived from this study may potentially be valid in other settings of hyperinflammatory states.…”