Case mixing and the right parietal cortex: evidence from rTMS

Braet, Wouter; Humphreys, G. W.

doi:10.1007/s00221-005-0085-z

Cited by 27 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…In particular, Braet and Humphreys (2006a, 2006b) demonstrated a dramatic double dissociation, such that transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), applied selectively to the right parietal lobe, as well as lesions in this part of the brain, disrupted the recognition of case-alternated words but did not impact the effects of contrast reduction, but the reverse pattern occurred as a result of bilateral lesions and TMS applied to the occipital cortex (i.e., a disruption to the recognition of reducedcontrast words and no impact on the effects of case alternation). As was discussed by Reingold et al (2010), such dissociations imply that the stimulus quality manipulation primarily disrupts an early lexical-processing stage, whereas the impact of case alternation primarily involves higherlevel, attentional, lexical, or postlexical processes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Importantly, as was argued by Reingold (2003), the E-Z Reader model predicts that experimental manipulations that disrupt L 1 but not L 2 should influence the processing difficulty of word n without affecting the processing of word n + 1 , whereas manipulations that impact L 2 should impact word n + 1 fixation times. To test this prediction, Reingold and Rayner contrasted a stimulus quality manipulation (i.e., reducing visual contrast; henceforth also referred to as the faint condition) that was expected to produce a rapid influence on lexical processing (e.g., Besner & Roberts, 2003;Borowsky & Besner, 1993;Braet & Humphreys, 2006a, 2006bWhite & Staub, 2012) with a case alternation manipulation (e.g., tAbLe) that was expected to produce a later influence on lexical processing (e.g., Braet & Humphreys, 2006a, 2006bHerdman, Chernecki, & Norris, 1999;Mayall, Humphreys, & Olson, 1997; but see Lien, Allen, & Crawford, 2012). Consistent with the E-Z Reader model, the stimulus quality manipulation produced longer fixation times on word n , but largely did not affect the processing of word n + 1 .…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Like Reingold and Rayner (2006), we selected the case alternation manipulation because it was expected to influence a later stage of lexical processing, relative to the stimulus quality manipulation. This hypothesis was based on neuropsychological dissociations showing that stimulus quality impacts an early stage of processing in the occipital cortex, whereas case alternation impacts a later stage of processing in the right parietal lobe (Braet & Humphreys, 2006a, 2006b. Moreover, in further support of a late-acting effect of case alternation on word identification, Reingold, Yang, and Rayner (2010) demonstrated that case alternation and word frequency produced additive effects on early fixation time measures, but produced interactions for the gaze duration measure.…”

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A further examination of the lexical-processing stages hypothesized by the E-Z Reader model

Sheridan

Reingold

2013

Atten Percept Psychophys

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Participants' eye movements were monitored while they read sentences in which high-and lowfrequency target words were presented normally (i.e., the normal condition) or with either reduced stimulus quality (i.e., the faint condition) or alternating lower-and uppercase letters (i.e., the case-alternated condition). Both the stimulus quality and case alternation manipulations interacted with word frequency for the gaze duration measure, such that the magnitude of word frequency effects was increased relative to the normal condition. However, stimulus quality (but not case alternation) interacted with word frequency for the early fixation time measures (i.e., first fixation, single fixation), whereas case alternation (but not stimulus quality) interacted with word frequency for the later fixation time measures (i.e., total time, go-past time). We interpret this pattern of results as evidence that stimulus quality influences an earlier stage of lexical processing than does case alternation, and we discuss the implications of our results for models of eye movement control during reading.Keywords Reading . Eye movements . Case alternation . Stimulus quality . Lexical processing . Word frequency Over the past three decades, the study of eye movement control during reading has been the focus of extensive empirical and theoretical efforts (for reviews, see Rayner, 1998Rayner, , 2009 Feng, 2006). These models incorporate various assumptions and generate unique predictions that have inspired empirical tests.Of particular relevance to the present study, Reingold and Rayner (2006) tested the central assumption of the influential E-Z Reader model (Reichle, 2011;Reichle et al., 1998;Reichle, Pollatsek, & Rayner, 2012) that word identification reflects two separate stages of lexical processing. Specifically, the E-Z Reader model assumes that the initiation of the programming of a saccade to the next word (word n + 1 ) occurs prior to the completion of lexical access to the fixated word (word n ). Saccadic programming is postulated to be driven by the output of an early lexicalprocessing stage (L 1 ), which indicates that lexical access to word n is imminent. Lexical processing of word n is then completed during a subsequent stage of lexical processing (L 2 ), and the conclusion of this stage causes covert attention to shift to word n + 1 . During the interval of time between this attention shift and the launch of the word n -to-word n + 1 saccade, parafoveal processing of word n + 1 is initiated. The duration of this interval, referred to as the parafoveal preview, is expected to determine the magnitude of any processing benefit when word n + 1 is later fixated (with longer preview resulting in shorter fixations on word n + 1 ). Importantly, as was argued by Reingold (2003), the E-Z Reader model predicts that experimental manipulations that disrupt L 1 but not L 2 should influence the processing difficulty of word n without affecting the processing of word n + 1 , whereas manipulations that impact L 2 should impact wor...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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A further examination of the lexical-processing stages hypothesized by the E-Z Reader model

Sheridan

Reingold

2013

Atten Percept Psychophys

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“…Thus, the parietal lobe, to which visual signals project via the dorsal stream, is necessarily involved with visual attention. In addition, a more direct causative relationship between attention, parietal cortex and reading has recently been suggested by Braet and Humphreys (2006). Repetitive TMS over right posterior parietal cortex disrupted word recognition reaction time compared with a no-TMS condition and also with a control TMS site.…”

Section: Attention Mechanisms In Readingmentioning

confidence: 94%

Towards an understanding of the role of the ‘magnocellular advantage’ in fluent reading

Laycock

Crewther

2008

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

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“…In contrast, Mayall, Humphreys, Mechelli, Olson, and Price (2001) found increased activation to alternating case compared with lower case words in the right superior parietal lobe, though not in occipito-temporal cortex. Furthermore, in a series of patient and TMS studies, Braet and Humphreys (2006a, 2006b, see also Vinckier et al (2006) for an interesting discussion on the role of the parietal lobe in alternative reading strategies) found a consistent link between the parietal lobe and performance on tasks involving alternating-case words. In light of these results, we analysed activations elicited by the alternating-case condition to see whether the parietal lobe was involved in our lexical decision task.…”

Section: 4mentioning

confidence: 93%

Visual processing of words in a patient with visual form agnosia: A behavioural and fMRI study

Cavina-Pratesi

Large

Milner

2015

Cortex

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Patient D.F. has a profound and enduring visual form agnosia due to a carbon monoxide poisoning episode suffered in 1988. Her inability to distinguish simple geometric shapes or single alphanumeric characters can be attributed to a bilateral loss of cortical area LO, a loss that has been well established through structural and functional fMRI. Yet despite this severe perceptual deficit, D.F. is able to "guess" remarkably well the identity of whole words. This paradoxical finding, which we were able to replicate more than 20 years following her initial testing, raises the question as to whether D.F. has retained specialized brain circuitry for word recognition that is able to function to some degree without the benefit of inputs from area LO. We used fMRI to investigate this, and found regions in the left fusiform gyrus, left inferior frontal gyrus, and left middle temporal cortex that responded selectively to words. A group of healthy control subjects showed similar activations. The left fusiform activations appear to coincide with the area commonly named the visual word form area (VWFA) in studies of healthy individuals, and appear to be quite separate from the fusiform face area (FFA). We hypothesize that there is a route to this area that lies outside area LO, and which remains relatively unscathed in D.F.

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Case mixing and the right parietal cortex: evidence from rTMS

Cited by 27 publications

References 41 publications

A further examination of the lexical-processing stages hypothesized by the E-Z Reader model

A further examination of the lexical-processing stages hypothesized by the E-Z Reader model

Towards an understanding of the role of the ‘magnocellular advantage’ in fluent reading

Visual processing of words in a patient with visual form agnosia: A behavioural and fMRI study

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