Case–control study on perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs) and the risk of prostate cancer

Per- and polyfluorinated substances (PFASs): Environmental challenges

“…No convincing evidence was found for increased breast cancer risk in relation with serum PFAS levels [317]. Higher PFAA serum concentrations were generally not associated with increased risk of prostate cancer, except for those with hereditary prostate cancer [318]. A critical review of the epidemiologic evidence for cancer risk emphasizes that most relative risk estimates vary only from 0.5 to 2.0 (with large confidence intervals); are inconsistent and sometimes counterbalanced by negative associations; indicate no monotonic exposure…”

NTP Technical Report on the Toxicity Studies of Perfluoroalkyl Carboxylates (Perfluorohexanoic Acid, Perfluorooctanoic Acid, Perfluorononanoic Acid, and Perfluorodecanoic Acid) Administered by Gavage to Sprague Dawley (Hsd:Sprague Dawley SD) Rats

“…Serum concentrations of various PFAS were measured in the blood of patients with hereditary prostate cancer in Sweden 80 . PFDA, but not PFOA or PFNA, was found to have a positive correlation between concentration and prostate cancer incidence.…”

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in human serum and urine samples from a residentially exposed community

“…Human studies of people exposed to PFOA and PFOS occupationally, residentially, and at background levels have found associations with changes in lipid and cholesterol concentrations (Frisbee et al, 2010; Nelson et al, 2010; Fletcher et al, 2011; Steenland et al, 2015), increased uric acid levels (Costa et al, 2009; Steenland et al, 2010; Shankar et al, 2011; Geiger et al, 2013; Gleason et al, 2015), changes in the concentrations of thyroid and sex hormones (Olsen and Zobel, 2007; Knox et al, 2011; Jain, 2013; Wen et al, 2013; Winquist and Steenland, 2014), changes in liver enzymes (Olsen et al, 2000; Sakr et al, 2007; Lin et al, 2010; Gallo et al, 2012; Gleason et al, 2015), immune effects (Grandjean et al, 2012; Granum et al, 2013; Dalsager et al, 2016), reduced birth weight (Apelberg et al, 2007; Fei et al, 2007; Chen et al, 2012; Darrow et al, 2013), reproductive effects (Joensen et al, 2013; Kristensen et al, 2013; Crawford et al, 2017), and some cancers (Alexander and Olsen, 2007; Barry et al, 2013; Bonefeld-Jorgensen et al, 2014; Hardell et al, 2014; Steenland et al, 2015). Other studies have demonstrated no association between PFAS exposure and these health effects (Inoue et al, 2004; Alexander and Olsen, 2007; Fisher et al, 2013; Chang et al, 2014).…”