Case–Control Study of Risk Factors for Acquired Hepatitis E Virus Infections in Blood Donors, United Kingdom, 2018–2019

Smith, Iona; Said, B.; Vaughan, Aisling; Haywood, Becky; Ijaz, Samreen; Reynolds, Claire; Brailsford, Su; Russell, Katherine; Morgan, Dilys

doi:10.3201/eid2706.203964

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…In contrast, other studies from different contexts showed that the frequency of both male and female blood donors was nearly equal. For instance, the United States (51.7%), Belgium (54.6%), the United Kingdom (47.0%), the Netherlands (50.0%), Spain (54.0%), France (50.0%), Finland (45.0%), and Denmark (50.0%) [ 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Association of Transfusion Transmitted Infections with ABO and Rh Blood Groups among Blood Donors in the Western Region of Saudi Arabia: A 7-Year Retrospective Analysis

et al. 2022

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This study was aimed at determining the prevalence estimate and association of transfusion-transmitted infections (TTIs) with ABO and Rh blood groups among blood donors at the King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center (KFSH & RC) in the western region of Saudi Arabia. A retrospective study was conducted at the blood bank center of KFSH and RC from 1 January 2013 to 31 December 2019. Data on ABO and Rh blood group testing, serological testing, molecular investigations, serological assays, nucleic acid testing (NATs), and socio-demographic information were gathered. During the study period, there were 959,431 blood donors at the KFSH and RC. The overall 7-year cumulative prevalence estimate of blood transfusion-transmitted infections among blood donors was low at 7.93%, with an average prevalence estimate of 0.66%. Donors with the O blood group, the O RhD +ve blood group, in particular, were more at risk of developing TTIs, whereas donors with the AB blood group, the AB RhD −ve blood group, in particular, were at the lowest risk of developing TTIs. In total, 96.9% of the blood donors were males (n = 916,567). Almost half of the blood donors belong to the O blood group (49.4%). A total of 861,279 (91.0%) donors were found to be RhD positive. The percentages of TTIs were found to be higher in RhD +ve donors compared with RhD −ve donors. The prevalence estimate of the hemoglobin C (HbC) infection was the most common TTI among the blood donors being 3.97%, followed by malaria being 2.21%. The least prevalence estimate of TTI in the present study was for NAT HIV being 0.02%. Significant associations were observed between RhD +ve and RhD −ve among the malaria-infected donors (A: χ2 = 26.618, p = 0.001; AB: χ2 = 23.540, p = 0.001; B: χ2 = 5.419, p = 0.020; O: χ2 = 68.701, p = 0.001). The current 7-year retrospective study showed a low level of TTIs among blood donors. However, we urge that more research encompassing the entire country be conducted in order to obtain more representative results in terms of the prevalence estimate and association of transfusion-transmitted infections with ABO and Rh blood groups in communities.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Association of Transfusion Transmitted Infections with ABO and Rh Blood Groups among Blood Donors in the Western Region of Saudi Arabia: A 7-Year Retrospective Analysis

et al. 2022

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“…As stated previously, the unique situation in Switzerland is most likely attributed to a high degree of self-sufficiency regarding Swiss pork consumption and the fact that Switzerland is not part of the European Economic Area [ 27 ]. In England and Wales, for example, the sequences found in humans are more closely related to porcine sequences from mainland Europe rather than the UK; most likely due to a high degree of imported pork [ 56 ]. Furthermore, due to the high animal health status of pigs in Switzerland, the import of live animals is strictly limited.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Diversity of Hepatitis E Virus Type 3 in Switzerland—From Stable to Table

Vonlanthen-Specker

Stephan

Sidler

et al. 2021

Animals

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Hepatitis E caused by hepatitis E viruses of the genotype 3 (HEV-3) is a major health concern in industrialized countries and due to its zoonotic character requires a “One Health” approach to unravel routes and sources of transmission. Knowing the viral diversity present in reservoir hosts, i.e., pigs but also wild boars, is an important prerequisite for molecular epidemiology. The aim of this study was to gain primary information on the diversity of HEV-3 subtypes present along the food chain in Switzerland, as well as the diversity within these subtypes. To this end, samples of domestic pigs from slaughterhouses and carcass collection points, as well as from hunted wild boars, were tested for HEV RNA and antibodies. HEV positive meat products were provided by food testing labs. The HEV subtypes were determined using Sanger and next generation sequencing. The genetic analyses confirmed the predominance of a Swiss-specific cluster within subtype HEV-3h in pigs, meat products, and wild boars. This cluster, which may result from local virus evolution due to the isolated Swiss pig industry, supports fast differentiation of domestic and imported infections with HEV.

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“…However, some patients whose immunity is unable to resist the virus have symptoms of acute viral hepatitis such as jaundice, hepatomegaly, vomiting, nausea, abdominal pain, and fever. In patients with low immunity, HEV causes chronic liver infection, liver failure, and extrahepatic symptoms 6,7 . Infection is the most common complication of viral liver disease and one of the main causes of death.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In patients with low immunity, HEV causes chronic liver infection, liver failure, and extrahepatic symptoms. 6,7 Infection is the most common complication of viral liver disease and one of the main causes of death. Most of the pathogenic bacteria causing the infection of patients come from the normal gut microbiota, which is closely related to various biological mechanisms of the liver.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut microbiota dysbiosis associated with plasma levels of Interferon‐γ and viral load in patients with acute hepatitis E infection

Bortolanza

Zhai

et al. 2021

Journal of Medical Virology

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Few studies have focused on the effect of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection on gut microbiota. To explore the relationship between changes in gut microbiota and inflammatory factors and viral load, we conducted a comparative study of 33 patients with acute hepatitis E (AHE) patients and 25 healthy controls (HCs) using highthroughput 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene sequencing. Shannon and Simpson's indices showed no significant differences in bacterial diversity between the AHE and HCs groups. Proteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Enterobacteriaceae were most abundant in the AHE group, which contributed to the difference between the gut microbiota of the AHE and HCs groups, and the same difference between the HEV-RNA-positive and HEV-RNA-negative groups. Functional prediction analysis showed that ribosome, purine metabolism, and two-component system were the top three pathways. Compared with the AHE group with normal interferon (IFN)-γ, Proteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Xanthomonadaceae, and Enterobacteriaceae were more abundant in the high-IFN-γ group. The abundance of Gammaproteobacteria was positively correlated with the level of serum alanine transaminase and total bilirubin. The abundance of Gammaproteobacteria could discriminate AHE patients from HCs, and could better predict the severity of AHE patients. We believe that our findings will contribute toward a novel treatment strategy for AHE.

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Case–Control Study of Risk Factors for Acquired Hepatitis E Virus Infections in Blood Donors, United Kingdom, 2018–2019

Cited by 11 publications

References 45 publications

Prevalence and Association of Transfusion Transmitted Infections with ABO and Rh Blood Groups among Blood Donors in the Western Region of Saudi Arabia: A 7-Year Retrospective Analysis

Prevalence and Association of Transfusion Transmitted Infections with ABO and Rh Blood Groups among Blood Donors in the Western Region of Saudi Arabia: A 7-Year Retrospective Analysis

Genetic Diversity of Hepatitis E Virus Type 3 in Switzerland—From Stable to Table

Gut microbiota dysbiosis associated with plasma levels of Interferon‐γ and viral load in patients with acute hepatitis E infection

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