Case-Control Study of Bladder Cancer and Water Disinfection Methods in Colorado

McGeehin, Michael A.; Reif, John S.; Becher, Judith C.; Mangione, Ellen J.

doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116883

Cited by 179 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 15 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…However, if a different organ is the target, and either the parent compound or a short lived metabolite is the biologically active agent, then inhalation and dermal exposures would deliver a larger biologically effective dose than ingestion. For example, for chloroform, the reactive metabolite phosgene is suspected to be the biological active agent (23); thus, inhalation and dermal absorption exposures to chlorinated water will result in a larger chloroform dose and may present a greater risk than ingestion to organs other than the liver, such as the bladder where elevated cancer rates have been suggested (16,17), and for adverse reproductive outcomes (18)(19)(20).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Ingestion, inhalation, and dermal exposures to chloroform and trichloroethene from tap water.

Weisel

1996

Environ Health Perspect

148

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Individuals are exposed to volatile compounds present in tap water by ingestion, inhalation, and dermal absorption. Traditional risk assessments for water often only consider ingestion exposure to toxic chemicals, even though showering has been shown to increase the body burden of certain chemicals due to inhalation exposure and dermal absorption. We collected and analyzed time-series samples of expired alveolar breath to evaluate changes in concentrations of volatile organic compounds being expired, which reflects the rate of change in the bloodstream due to expiration, metabolism, and absorption into tissues. Analysis of chloroform and trichloethene in expired breath, compounds regulated in water, was also used to determine uptake from tap water by each route (inhalation, ingestion, or absorption). Each route of exposure contributed to the total exposure of these compounds from daily water use. Further, the ingestion dose was completely metabolized before entering the bloodstream, whereas the dose from the other routes was dispersed throughout the body. Thus, differences in potential biologically effective doses depend on route, target organ, and whether the contaminant or metabolite is the biologically active agent. Images Figure 1. A Figure 1. B Figure 1. C Figure 2. A Figure 2. B

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Epidemiological studies examining the health effects of chlorinated water have found that populations exposed to chlorination by-products have elevated bladder cancer rates (16,17 and have suggested an association between exposure to chlorination by-products in water and adverse reproductive outcomes (18,19).…”

Section: An Application Of a Pbpk Model Bymentioning

confidence: 99%

Ingestion, inhalation, and dermal exposures to chloroform and trichloroethene from tap water.

Weisel

1996

Environ Health Perspect

148

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This estimate was not modified after adjusting for smoking. A dose-response relationship was suggested in three studies (Cantor et al, 1987;McGeehin et al, 1993;King and Marrett, 1996). Results based on estimated intake of trihalomethanes and on other disinfection byproducts are too sparse to allow a conclusion.…”

Section: Cancer Risk From Water Chlorination By-productsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Epidemiology of environmental and occupational cancer

Boffetta

2004

Oncogene

121

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Environmental carcinogens, in a strict sense, include outdoor and indoor air pollutants, as well as soil and drinking water contaminants. An increased risk of mesothelioma has consistently been detected among individuals experiencing residential exposure to asbestos, while results for lung cancer are less consistent. Several good-quality studies have investigated lung cancer risk from outdoor air pollution based on measurement of specific agents. Their results tend to show an increased risk in the categories at highest exposure, with relative risks in the range 1.5. A causal association has been established between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer, with a relative risk in the order of 1.2. Radon is another carcinogen present in indoor air, with a relative risk in the order of 1.06 for exposure at 100 Bq/m 3 . In several Asian populations, an increased risk of lung cancer results among women from indoor pollution from cooking and heating. There is strong evidence of an increased risk of bladder, skin and lung cancers following consumption of water with high arsenic contamination; results for other drinking water contaminants, including chlorination by-products, are inconclusive. A total of 29 occupational agents are established human carcinogens, and another 30 agents are suspected carcinogens. In addition, at least 12 exposure circumstances entail exposure to carcinogens. Exposure is still widespread for many important occupational carcinogens, such as asbestos, coal tar, arsenic and silica, in particular in developing countries. Although estimates of the global burden of occupational and environmental cancer result in figures in the order of 2% and less than 1%, respectively, these cancers concentrate in subgroups of the population; furthermore, exposure is involuntary and can, to a large extent, be avoided.

show abstract

“…There are other ongoing efforts for predicting noncancer effects, including reproductive and developmental toxicity (9,10). Cancer has been raised as an end point of concern in epidemiologic studies (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19). In addition, cancer is often the most sensitive health end point that is used to set drinking water standards.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of mechanism-based structure-activity relationships analysis in carcinogenic potential ranking for drinking water disinfection by-products.

Woo

Lai

McLain

et al. 2002

Environ Health Perspect

222

100

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Disinfection by-products (DBPs) are formed when disinfectants such as chlorine, chloramine, and ozone react with organic and inorganic matter in water. The observations that some DBPs such as trihalomethanes (THMs), di-/trichloroacetic acids, and 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX) are carcinogenic in animal studies have raised public concern over the possible adverse health effects of DBPs. To date, several hundred DBPs have been identified. To prioritize research efforts, an in-depth, mechanism-based structure-activity relationship analysis, supplemented by extensive literature search for genotoxicity and other data, was conducted for ranking the carcinogenic potential of DBPs that met the following criteria: a) detected in actual drinking water samples, b) have insufficient cancer bioassay data for risk assessment, and c) have structural features/alerts or short-term predictive assays indicative of carcinogenic potential. A semiquantitative concern rating scale of low, marginal, low-moderate, moderate, high-moderate, and high was used along with delineation of scientific rationale. Of the 209 DBPs analyzed, 20 were of priority concern with a moderate or high-moderate rating. Of these, four were structural analogs of MX and five were haloalkanes that presumably will be controlled by existing and future THM regulations. The other eleven DBPs, which included halonitriles (6), haloketones (2), haloaldehyde (1), halonitroalkane (1), and dialdehyde (1), are suitable priority candidates for future carcinogenicity testing and/or mechanistic studies.

show abstract

Case-Control Study of Bladder Cancer and Water Disinfection Methods in Colorado

Cited by 179 publications

References 15 publications

Ingestion, inhalation, and dermal exposures to chloroform and trichloroethene from tap water.

Ingestion, inhalation, and dermal exposures to chloroform and trichloroethene from tap water.

Epidemiology of environmental and occupational cancer

Use of mechanism-based structure-activity relationships analysis in carcinogenic potential ranking for drinking water disinfection by-products.

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About