Case-based Surveillance of Influenza Hospitalizations during 2004–2008, Colorado, USA

Proff, Rosemary; Gershman, Ken; Lezotte, Dennis C.; Nyquist, Ann‐Christine

doi:10.3201/eid1506.081645

Cited by 19 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…This analysis evaluated the ability of an ILI-defined syndrome to correctly identify patients with a laboratory-confirmed influenza infection in Cambodia patients seeking treatment for acute febrile illness. We found that the ILI case definition was more sensitive for patients infected with influenza A than influenza B, possibly reflecting milder disease among those infected influenza B as described in previous studies [20,21]. The PPV of the ILI definition changed by month as changes in the prevalence of influenza infections occurred.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 65%

Evaluation of an influenza-like illness case definition in the diagnosis of influenza among patients with acute febrile illness in cambodia

Kasper¹,

Wierzba

et al. 2010

BMC Infect Dis

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BackgroundInfluenza-like illness (ILI) is often defined as fever (>38.0°C) with cough or sore throat. In this study, we tested the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of this case definition in a Cambodia patient population.MethodsPassive clinic-based surveillance was established at nine healthcare centers to identify the causes of acute undifferentiated fever in patients aged two years and older seeking treatment. Fever was defined as tympanic membrane temperature >38°C lasting more than 24 hours and less than 10 days. Influenza virus infections were identified by polymerase chain reaction.ResultsFrom July 2008 to December 2008, 2,639 patients were enrolled. From 884 (33%) patients positive for influenza, 652 presented with ILI and 232 acute fever patients presented without ILI. Analysis by age group identified no significant differences between influenza positive patients from the two groups. Positive predictive values (PPVs) varied during the course of the influenza season and among age groups.ConclusionThe ILI case definition can be used to identify a significant percentage of patients with influenza infection during the influenza season in Cambodia, assisting healthcare providers in its diagnosis and treatment. However, testing samples based on the criteria of fever alone increased our case detection by 34%.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 65%

Evaluation of an influenza-like illness case definition in the diagnosis of influenza among patients with acute febrile illness in cambodia

Kasper¹,

Wierzba

et al. 2010

BMC Infect Dis

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“…29 Unlike developed areas, Bondo district had an influenza-associated hospitalization rate in young adults that was similar to -not lower than -the rate among the elderly. 30,32 Although this could, again, result from the relatively low levels of care-seeking among the elderly, we believe it may also reflect the high prevalence of HIV infection among young adults in this area of Kenya. 8 HIV infection may also explain why influenzaassociated hospitalizations were more common among the young women of Bondo district than among the young men, since the young women have the higher prevalence of HIV infection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…15,29,30 In rural Kenya, it is generally the elderly who find it hardest to travel the often long distances to their nearest hospital and it is generally also they who are least comfortable with the non-traditional medicine practised in hospitals. The elderly of Bondo district are probably also less likely to suffer from an underlying cardiopulmonary medical condition than their counterparts in developed countries, 31 partly because the prevalence of smoking in Kenya is still very low.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The population-based burden of influenza-associated hospitalization in rural western Kenya, 2007–2009

Feikin

Ope

Aura

et al. 2012

Bull. World Health Organ.

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“…It has been shown that both the seasonal peak timing [20] and the time taken to reach the peak and baseline levels [24] can vary locally and regionally. It has been well documented that influenza A often precedes influenza B [25], indicating potential heterogeneity in seasonal peak timing associated with strain diversity. Peak timing and seasonal magnitude can be correlated: earlier outbreaks have higher intensity [20], which can be linked to antigenic drift [26].…”

Section: Perceived Deviations: Heterogeneity Of Seasonal Patternsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deviations in influenza seasonality: odd coincidence or obscure consequence?

Moorthy

Castronovo²,

Abraham

et al. 2012

Clinical Microbiology and Infection

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In temperate regions, influenza typically arrives with the onset of colder weather. Seasonal waves travel over large spaces covering many climatic zones in a relatively short period of time. The precise mechanism for this striking seasonal pattern is still not well understood and the interplay of factors that influence the spread of infection and the emergence of new strains is largely unknown. The study of influenza seasonality has been fraught with problems. One of these is the ever shifting description of illness due to influenza and the use of both the historical definitions and new definitions based on actual isolation of the virus. The compilation of records describing influenza oscillations on a local and global scale is massive, but the value of these data is a function of the definitions used. In this review we argue that both observations of seasonality and deviation from the expected pattern stem from the nature of this disease. Heterogeneity in seasonal patterns may arrive from differences in behavior of specific strains, emergence of a novel strain or cross-protection from previously observed strains. Most likely the seasonal patterns emerge from interactions of individual factors behaving as coupled resonators. We emphasize that both seasonality and deviations from it may merely be a reflection of our inability to disentangle signal from noise, be it due to ambiguity in measurement and/or terminology. We conclude the review with suggestions for new promising and realistic directions with tangible consequences to model complex influenza dynamics in order to effectively control infection.

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Case-based Surveillance of Influenza Hospitalizations during 2004–2008, Colorado, USA

Abstract: Case-based surveillance provides more information than any other influenza surveillance component.

Cited by 19 publications

References 12 publications

Evaluation of an influenza-like illness case definition in the diagnosis of influenza among patients with acute febrile illness in cambodia

Evaluation of an influenza-like illness case definition in the diagnosis of influenza among patients with acute febrile illness in cambodia

The population-based burden of influenza-associated hospitalization in rural western Kenya, 2007–2009

Deviations in influenza seasonality: odd coincidence or obscure consequence?

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