Case 3709 – Conservation of the usage of names of western North American Hesperia comma-group subspecies (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae) through designation of neotypes for Pamphila colorado Scudder, 1874, Pamphila manitoba Scudder, 1874, Pamphila cabelus Edwards, 1881, Pamphila harpalus Edwards, 1881, P

Scott, James A.; Kondla, Norbert G.; Emmel, John F.; Davenport, Kenneth E.; Fisher, Michael; Guppy, Crispin S.; Kohler, Steve; Patterson, William D.; Opler, Paul A.; Westwood, Alana R.; Royer, Ronald A.

doi:10.21805/bzn.v75.a025

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…2c) is incongruent with the nuclear genome trees, revealing a history of mitochondria different from that of nuclear genomes, a phenomenon commonly observed in closely related populations and species 10 . Nevertheless, all three trees support the distinction between Old World comma (also found in Alaska) and the North American species H. colorado, and place both manitoba and colorado type specimens in agreement with their collection localities 3,9 , contrary to speculations by Scott et al 5,6 .…”

supporting

confidence: 39%

“…This question is critical because the answer determines what names apply to Hesperia populations. Some 5,6 suggested that the lectotype is from the subalpine zone, while others 3,4,7 argued that it is from the Arkansas River Basin. It was even proposed to be a hybrid of these two populations, and thus a poor choice for the name-bearing type 5,6 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some 5,6 suggested that the lectotype is from the subalpine zone, while others 3,4,7 argued that it is from the Arkansas River Basin. It was even proposed to be a hybrid of these two populations, and thus a poor choice for the name-bearing type 5,6 . Therefore, phenotypic traits without precise locality data are insufficient to attribute the lectotype to a population.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genomics reveals the origins of ancient specimens

Cong¹,

Shen

Zhang

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Centuries of zoological studies amassed billions of specimens in collections worldwide. Genomics of these specimens promises to rejuvenate biodiversity research. The obstacles stem from DNA degradation with specimen age. Overcoming this challenge, we set out to resolve a series of longstanding controversies involving a group of butterflies. We deduced geographical origins of several ancient specimens of uncertain provenance that are at the heart of these debates. Here, genomics tackles one of the greatest problems in zoology: countless old, poorly documented specimens that serve as irreplaceable embodiments of species concepts. The ability to figure out where they were collected will resolve many on-going disputes. More broadly, we show the utility of genomics applied to ancient museum specimens to delineate the boundaries of species and populations, and to hypothesize about genotypic determinants of phenotypic traits.A study of an animal starts from its name, which is governed by strict rules 1 . A specimen termed the namebearing type represents a species 1 . The lectotype specimen 1 of Homo sapiens is Carl Linnaeus, the father of taxonomy 2 . Populations conspecific with the type carry its name. If two types are conspecific, the earlier name is used. Because most animals were named over a century ago, their types are old and lack details about their collection localities. Historically, phenotypic similarity to the type and its geographic locality determined conspecificity. For cryptic species and uncertain type localities, the phenotypic approach is problematic, leading to heated debates 3-7 . We devised a strategy to obtain genomic sequences of old type specimens and determine to which present-day populations they correspond. To solve a daunting biological problem, we applied this strategy to the skipper butterfly Hesperia comma and its relatives. It is the most important skipper, because the whole family of butterflies (Hesperiidae, the skippers) is typified by the genus Hesperia, and the type of that genus is H. comma, as designated by Carl Linnaeus himself. Several mysteries surround these butterflies. (1) Like the Linnaean type of comma, the type of its American counterpart, Hesperia colorado, collected by noted naturalist Theodore Mead 3,4 , lacks a locality label. Where was this type collected? The answer will seal the fate of names later given to populations of this species. (2) Are American comma-like butterflies the same species as comma in Europe? (3) Unusually for butterflies, Hesperia inhabits a wide range of elevations, from lowlands to alpine zone at over 3500 m. What are the genetic determinants of this elevational plasticity? Genomic data provide clear answers to all these questions.

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confidence: 39%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genomics reveals the origins of ancient specimens

Cong¹,

Shen

Zhang

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Exploring farmers’ perspectives on agrobiodiversity management: future options for quinoa smallholder organizations in the Peruvian high Andes

Andreotti

Neher

Speelman

et al. 2023

Agron. Sustain. Dev.

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The intensification of crop production is widely recognized to negatively affect the agrobiodiversity in smallholder systems. This trend can also be observed in Quinoa production systems, where few varieties are commercialized while maintaining traditional varieties of quinoa remains a key agricultural activity in the high-Andes landscape. In recent decades, the “boom” of quinoa production has given rise to national projects intended to ensure that farmers benefit from their agricultural heritage, including the development of a collective trademark. However, little is known about the opinions of smallholder farmers regarding quinoa varieties cultivation, farming practices, market choices, or the development of a collective trademark as a tool to safeguard a position in the booming international quinoa market. To address these questions, we developed our research in three villages in the Puno region of Peru, quinoa’s center of origin. We applied a novel combination of participatory methods: the Q methodology to interpret the perceptions of smallholder quinoa farmers concerning the activities that are important on their farms, and the Four-Square Analysis workshops to explore quinoa biodiversity management. The results of our Q-analysis revealed three types of opinions emerging among farmers: (Type 1) Conservationist, (Type 2) Intensification sustainer, and (Type 3) Collaboration seeker. Type 1 assigns importance to maintaining and promoting quinoa biodiversity through collective practices and markets. Type 2 focuses on developing export-oriented production based on certified and improved varieties, combined with efficient ways of storing quinoa. Type 3 appears to value the collective aspects of organizations and cooperation among stakeholders. According to the results of the Four-Square Analysis, most landraces of quinoa are threatened by genetic erosion, as they are cultivated in situ in small plots and on few farms. Our results are an important baseline for further project development for biodiversity conservation in situ and market inclusion engaging local communities.

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Genomics Reveals the Origins of Historical Specimens

Cong

Shen

Zhang

et al. 2021

Molecular Biology and Evolution

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Centuries of zoological studies have amassed billions of specimens in collections worldwide. Genomics of these specimens promises to reinvigorate biodiversity research. However, because DNA degrades with age in historical specimens, it is a challenge to obtain genomic data for them and analyze degraded genomes. We developed experimental and computational protocols to overcome these challenges and applied our methods to resolve a series of long-standing controversies involving a group of butterflies. We deduced the geographical origins of several historical specimens of uncertain provenance that are at the heart of these debates. Here, genomics tackles one of the greatest problems in zoology: countless old specimens that serve as irreplaceable embodiments of species concepts cannot be confidently assigned to extant species or population due to the lack of diagnostic morphological features and clear documentation of the collection locality. The ability to determine where they were collected will resolve many on-going disputes. More broadly, we show the utility of applying genomics to historical museum specimens to delineate the boundaries of species and populations, and to hypothesize about genotypic determinants of phenotypic traits.

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Cited by 10 publications

References 22 publications

Genomics reveals the origins of ancient specimens

Genomics reveals the origins of ancient specimens

Exploring farmers’ perspectives on agrobiodiversity management: future options for quinoa smallholder organizations in the Peruvian high Andes

Genomics Reveals the Origins of Historical Specimens

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