2014
DOI: 10.1118/1.4894733
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Cascaded systems analysis of photon counting detectors

Abstract: Purpose: Photon counting detectors (PCDs) are an emerging technology with applications in spectral and low-dose radiographic and tomographic imaging. This paper develops an analytical model of PCD imaging performance, including the system gain, modulation transfer function (MTF), noise-power spectrum (NPS), and detective quantum efficiency (DQE). Methods: A cascaded systems analysis model describing the propagation of quanta through the imaging chain was developed. The model was validated in comparison to the … Show more

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Cited by 52 publications
(62 citation statements)
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References 64 publications
(72 reference statements)
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“…As reported in Xu et al (2014), such conditions are well below the count rate limit of the PCD (3 × 10 6 x-rays/pixel/s), well within the linear range of detector response free from pulse pileup effects, and give a zero-frequency detective quantum efficiency (DQE) of ~0.6.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 58%
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“…As reported in Xu et al (2014), such conditions are well below the count rate limit of the PCD (3 × 10 6 x-rays/pixel/s), well within the linear range of detector response free from pulse pileup effects, and give a zero-frequency detective quantum efficiency (DQE) of ~0.6.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 58%
“…The high threshold separates events assigned to low- and high-energy bins to allow dual-energy imaging. The detector also implements coincidence detection by which events triggering two adjacent pixels within a time window of ~20 ns (Xu et al 2014) are treated as a single count and assigned to the high-energy bin of the pixel that received the higher pulse (higher deposited energy). In the current study, the detector was operated in a photon counting mode without energy discrimination.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Unlike the serial cascade model developed for Si-based PCD, 2 both serial 3 and parallel cascade models 4,5 need to be used for CdTe-based PCD due to the high K-fluorescence yield (denoted as ω ) of CdTe (86%) and the relative high energy of K-fluorescence photons of CdTe (> 23 keV). If a single x-ray photon interacts with the CdTe layer, it will experience either path A (no K-fluorescence), path B (K-fluorescence emission and K-fluorescence reabsorption in CdTe), or path C (K-fluorescence emission but no K-fluorescence reabsorption).…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Photon counting x-ray detectors (PCXDs) can benefit material separation in spectral CT mainly due to the elimination of electronic noise and the ability to discriminate the energy of incoming photons and group them into energy bins [4]. Several PCXD configurations have been proposed using CZT, CdTe, or edge-on silicon strips (Si-strip) as the detection medium.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%