Ship intertial navigation system (SINS) and global navigation satellite system (GNSS) are two kinds of common navigation equipments with respect to the advantages and disadvantages during application. The former has strong autonomy, high short-term precision, and continuous output, but errors accumulates with time; the latter has high positioning and velocity measurement precision and errors do not accumulate with time, but has incontinuous output information and susceptibility to interference. Integration of the two to realize complementary advantages will significantly improve overall performance of the navigation system. At present, the SINS/GNSS integrated navigation system has been widely used in fields such as aviation, aerospace, and sailing, and it is a relatively ideal integrated navigation system.How to give full play to overall performance of the SINS/GNSS integrated navigation to truly achieve complementary advantages of the two is a problem during practical application of the navigation system. Position and velocity or pseudorange and pseudorange rate are generally used as the observation quantities of the SINS/GNSS integrated navigation, free of attitude measurement information, but for certain application, such as the onboard high-resolution earth observation, the integrated navigation system is required to maintain high attitude precision besides possessing high-precision position information. In this way high requirements are made for filtering model precision, filtering algorithm precision, and air alignment precision of the SINS/GNSS integrated navigation system, i.e., attitude and inertial component errors of the SINS are required to be estimated while estimating the position and velocity errors of the SINS. In addition, the navigation error of a pure SINS diverges in case of GNSS signal lock losing caused by electromagnetic interference or block suffered by the GNSS signal. It is thereby required to study error inhibition and compensation techniques of the SINS during the GNSS lock losing period to maintain continuous and high-precision navigation.This chapter systematically discusses the principle, method, and engineering application problem of the SINS/GNSS integrated navigation system. First, it discusses