Cascade controller design for concentration control in a falling-film evaporator

A comparison of control techniques for dairy falling film evaporators

“…One complication that arises from the multitude of models used for controller development and simulation is the difficulty in directly comparing simulation results. As an example, the model employed by Van Wijck (1999) was configured for a laboratory scale setup while that of Bakker (2004) was for the Fonterra industrial FFE, which processed ±7500l/h of raw milk (see in Table 1 for a comparison of FFE models and associated capacities). Another example of model diversity concerns vapour recycle: the Haasbroek (2013) model uses thermal vapour recompression (TVR), while the Winchester (1999) model uses mechanical vapour recompression (MVR).…”

“…Various control studies have been performed on FFEs, mostly focussing on PID (Winchester & Marsh, 1999) or multi-level (cascade) PID control setups (Bakker et al, 2004;Karimi et al, 2006;Paramalingam, 2004). Limited work has also been performed on fuzzy logic controllers (Foley, 2011;Haasbroek, 2013), with positive results.…”

Measurement and process control for water and energy use in the food industry

“…Several researchers have studied the development of a process model and the design of a high-efficiency control system (Winchester and Marsh, 1999;Stefanov and Hoo, 2005;Bakker et al, 2006;Karimi et al, 2007). Significant energy savings can be achieved with a good design of the process and a suitable control system.…”

“…Significant energy savings can be achieved with a good design of the process and a suitable control system. A cascade control system can utilize a measurement of the concentration of the stream after the first pass, C p1 , which is indicative of the effects of a disturbance in the feed concentration, C f (Bakker et al, 2006). In a double-effect falling-film evaporator (Fig.…”

Inferential cascade control of multi-effect falling-film evaporator

“…Predictive control strategy has already been proposed based on nonlinear model (Cadet, Toure, Gilles, & Chabriat, 1999). Bakker, Clive, Shabeshe, and Hong (2006) have studied the applicability of cascade control and the results compared with single feedback controller. The Single feedback controllers are still widely used in real practice due to the complexity, maintenance difficulties and the high cost associated with the advanced controls systems.…”