Casati, Gasparo

Roche, Jerome; Roche, Elizabeth

doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.05068

Cited by 1 publication

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“…Cellular LDH release as a marker of necrosis was determined using the manufacture's protocol [35] as described previously [23,26]. Following cell treatment (as described above in Section 2.3.…”

Section: Ldh Assay For the Measurement Of Cellular Necrosismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The differentiation medium was used as the blank control of which absorbance was subtracted from all measurements. The absorbance of the reaction product, a red formazan salt, was measured at a wavelength of 490 nm [35] every 3 min for up to 30 min to ensure linear enzymatic conditions (SpectraMax M2, Molecular Devices, San Jose, CA, USA). LDH in the cell supernatant was expressed as a percentage of the sum total of LDH quantified from both supernatant and cell lysates [26].…”

Section: Ldh Assay For the Measurement Of Cellular Necrosismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of p-Cresol on Oxidative Stress, Glutathione Depletion, and Necrosis in HepaRG Cells: Comparisons to Other Uremic Toxins and the Role of p-Cresol Glucuronide Formation

2021

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The toxicological effects of p-cresol have primarily been attributed to its metabolism products; however, very little human data are available in the key organ (i.e., liver) responsible for the generation of these metabolites. Experiments were conducted in HepaRG cells utilizing the following markers of cellular toxicity: 2′-7′-dichlorofluorescein (DCF; oxidative stress) formation, total cellular glutathione (GSH) concentration, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH; cellular necrosis) release. Concentrations of p-cresol, p-cresol sulfate, and p-cresol glucuronide were determined using validated assays. p-Cresol exposure resulted in concentration- and time-dependent changes in DCF (EC50 = 0.64 ± 0.37 mM at 24 h of exposure) formation, GSH (EC50 = 1.00 ± 0.07 mM) concentration, and LDH (EC50 = 0.85 ± 0.14 mM) release at toxicologically relevant conditions. p-Cresol was also relatively more toxic than 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, indoxyl sulfate, kynurenic acid, and hippuric acid on all markers. Although the exogenous administration of p-cresol sulfate and p-cresol glucuronide generated high intracellular concentrations of these metabolites, both metabolites were less toxic compared to p-cresol at equal-molar conditions. Moreover, p-cresol glucuronide was the predominant metabolite generated in situ from p-cresol exposure. Selective attenuation of glucuronidation (without affecting p-cresol sulfate formation, while increasing p-cresol accumulation) using independent chemical inhibitors (i.e., 0.75 mM l-borneol, 75 µM amentoflavone, or 100 µM diclofenac) consistently resulted in further increases in LDH release associated with p-cresol exposure (by 28.3 ± 5.3%, 30.0 ± 8.2% or 27.3 ± 6.8%, respectively, compared to p-cresol treatment). These novel data indicated that p-cresol was a relatively potent toxicant, and that glucuronidation was unlikely to be associated with the manifestation of its toxic effects in HepaRG cells.

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Section: Ldh Assay For the Measurement Of Cellular Necrosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ldh Assay For the Measurement Of Cellular Necrosismentioning

confidence: 99%