Carvacrol as a Potential Neuroprotective Agent for Neurological Diseases: A Systematic Review Article

Abstract

Background & objective: Neurological diseases are becoming a significant problem worldwide, with the elderly at a higher risk of being affected. Several researchers have investigated the neuroprotective effects of Carvacrol (CAR) (5-isopropyl-2-methyl phenol). This review systematically surveys the existing literature on the impact of CAR when used as a neuroprotective agent in neurological diseases. Methods: The systematic review involved English articles published in the last ten years obtained from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases. The following descriptors were used to search the literature: “Carvacrol” [Title] AND “neuroprotective (neuroprotection)” [Title] OR “stroke, traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, seizure, epilepsy [Title]. Results: : A total of 208 articles were retrieved during the search process, but only 20 studies met the eligibility criteria and were included for review. A total of 20 articles were identified, in which the efficacy of CAR was described in experimental models of stroke, traumatic brain injury, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, , epilepsy, and seizure, through motor deficits improvements in neurochemical activity, especially antioxidant systems, reducing inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis as well as inhibition of TRPC1 and TRPM7. Conclusion : The data presented in this study support the beneficial impact of CAR on behavioural and neurochemical deficits. CAR benefits accrue because of its anti-apoptotic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, CAR has emerged as an alternative treatment for neurological disorders based on its properties.

Therapeutic effects of carvacrol on beta‐amyloid‐induced impairments in in vitro and in vivo models of Alzheimer's disease

“…However, carvacrol attenuated Aβ1-42-induced neurotoxicity. These findings are in line with the neuroprotective effects of carvacrol demonstrated in previous studies (Dati et al, 2017;Jukic et al, 2007;Shahrokhi Raeini et al, 2020;Zamanian et al, 2021). Moreover, carvacrol attenuated these Aβ1-42-induced increases in levels of MDA and H 2 O 2 in both cell culture and hippocampal tissue in the present study.…”

“…In addition to oxidative stress, neuroinflammation is also implicated in the pathogenesis of AD (Calsolaro & Edison, 2016). No inflammatory markers were measured in the present study, although carvacrol may also have ameliorated the impairments in the in vitro and in vivo models of AD through its anti-inflammatory effect, since carvacrol has been demonstrated to exhibit anti-inflammatory effects in some neurological disorders (Mrak, 2009;Schwab & McGeer, 2008;Silva et al, 2018;Zamanian et al, 2021). For instance, it has recently been shown that carvacrol improved memory impairments by suppressing inflammatory mediators in lipopolysaccharide-induced memory impairment in rats (Lee et al, 2020).…”

“…Carvacrol (5‐isopropyl‐2‐methylphenol) is a phenolic monoterpene found in essential oils of members of the Lamiaceae family, such as Origanum and Thymus. It is well documented that carvacrol has anti‐oxidant, anti‐inflammatory, neuroprotective, anti‐nociceptive, and anti‐convulsant properties (Baser, 2008; Silva et al, 2018; Zamanian et al, 2021). It has also been shown to exhibit in vitro AChE inhibitory activity (Jukic et al, 2007; Kaufmann et al, 2011).…”

Application of Phytogenic Liquid Supplementation in Soil Microbiome Restoration in Queensland Pasture Dieback

“…Carvacrol, a monoterpenoid phenol in many aromatic plants, including thyme and oregano, is used as a food flavouring, additive, fragrance, and preservative [ 16 ]. Carvacrol also has a range of biological actions, including anti-cancer, neuroprotective, immunopromoting, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and insecticide effects [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ]. Carvacrol shows antimicrobial activity against major plant pathogens, such as Fusarium oxysporum [ 15 ], Cladosporium herbarum [ 23 ], and Penicillium spp.…”

Neuroprotective and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Pioglitazone on Traumatic Brain Injury

“…Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is responsible for numerous deaths and permanent disability associated with the advancement of secondary brain injury and bleeding, due to which there is an increase in the rate of morbidity and mortality [1]. Every year, around 3.17 million cases of deaths and disabilities related to TBI are experienced [2].…”