Cartilage Extracellular Matrix Integrity and OA

The increasing prevalence of degenerative cartilage disorders in young patients is a growing public concern worldwide. Cartilage’s poor innate regenerative capacity has inspired the exploration and development of cartilage replacement treatments such as tissue-engineered cartilages and osteochondral implants as potential solutions to cartilage loss. The clinical application of tissue-engineered implants is hindered by the lack of long-term follow-up demonstrating efficacy, biocompatibility, and bio-integration. The historically reported immunological privilege of cartilage tissue was based on histomorphological observations pointing out the lack of vascularity and the presence of a tight extracellular matrix. However, clinical studies in humans and animals do not unequivocally support the immune-privilege theory. More in-depth studies on cartilage immunology are needed to make clinical advances such as tissue engineering more applicable. This review analyzes the literature that supports and opposes the concept that cartilage is an immune-privileged tissue and provides insight into mechanisms conferring various degrees of immune privilege to other, more in-depth studied tissues such as testis, eyes, brain, and cancer.

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“…Thus, the third postulate for chondrocyte immune privilege claims that ECM sequesters antigens and shields against immune detection. 25,58,59…”

Section: Immune Characteristics Of Cartilagementioning

confidence: 99%

A Fresh Glimpse into Cartilage Immune Privilege

et al. 2022

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Clinical significance and implications of genetic and genomic studies in patients with osteoarthritis

Muoh¹,

Malemud

Askari³

2014

AGG

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Idiopathic or primary osteoarthritis is a progressive musculoskeletal disease of diarthrodial synovial joints, whereas secondary osteoarthritis generally arises from an antecedent traumatic injury or abnormal synovial joint development. Presently, the medical therapy of osteoarthritis is limited, and focuses on alleviating the major clinical symptoms of osteoarthritis, which include pain, swelling, and reduced range of joint motion. The end-stage of the osteoarthritic process often requires joint replacement surgery. Although the pathogenetic components of human osteoarthritis remain to be completely elucidated, rodent and canine models of osteoarthritis have indicated that, at least in the early stages of development, osteoarthritis involves articular chondrocyte hypermetabolism, followed by an imbalance between chondrocyte anabolic and catabolic pathways, and limited cartilage repair. Mutations arising in several cartilage collagen isoforms, the proteoglycans aggrecan and asporin, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein, and matrilin-3 can be associated with precocious and age-related osteoarthritis, as well as chondrodysplasias. Whole genome scanning of blood cells from individuals with osteoarthritis in Iceland, the United Kingdom, and the United States indicated the strong likelihood of osteoarthritis gene susceptibility loci on chromosome regions, 7q34-7q36.3, 11p12-11q13.4, 6p21.1-6q15, 2q31.1-2q34, and 15q21.3-15q26.1. Genetic analyses of non-extracellular matrix proteins have suggested an association of osteoarthritis with single nucleotide polymorphisms in the genes encoding growth and differentiation factor-5, secreted Frizzle-related protein-3, deiodinase-2, and calmodulin-1. The continued elucidation of genetic markers of osteoarthritis may one day be employed to better define, for an individual, the probability of developing osteoarthritis, the likely rate of progression of osteoarthritis, the relative risk of requiring joint arthroplasty, and predict prosthetic joint loosening.

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Cartilage Extracellular Matrix Integrity and OA

Cited by 2 publications

References 116 publications

A Fresh Glimpse into Cartilage Immune Privilege

A Fresh Glimpse into Cartilage Immune Privilege

Clinical significance and implications of genetic and genomic studies in patients with osteoarthritis

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