Cartilage Calcification Studied by Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Microscopy

Potter, Kimberlee; Leapman, Richard D.; Basser, Peter J.; Landis, William J.

doi:10.1359/jbmr.2002.17.4.652

Cited by 19 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Similar observations have been made for collagen in calcified cartilage (32), in embryonic bone (31), and in a tissue-engineered phalanx model (12). We attribute this result to an increase in the collagen content of the mineralized zone, possibly brought about by the dehydration of constituent collagen fibrils.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

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Evaluation of bioreactor-cultivated bone by magnetic resonance microscopy and FTIR microspectroscopy

Chesnick

Avallone

Leapman

et al. 2007

Bone

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We present a three-dimensional mineralizing model based on a hollow fiber bioreactor (HFBR) inoculated with primary osteoblasts isolated from embryonic chick calvaria. Using non-invasive magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM), the growth and development of the mineralized tissue around the individual fibers were monitored over a period of nine weeks. Spatial maps of the water proton MRM properties of the intact tissue, with 78 μm resolution, were used to determine changes in tissue composition with development. Unique changes in the mineral and collagen content of the tissue were detected with high specificity by proton density (PD) and magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) maps, respectively. At the end of the growth period, the presence of a bone-like tissue was verified by histology and the formation of poorly crystalline apatite was verified by selected area electron diffraction and electron probe X-ray microanalysis. FTIR microspectroscopy confirmed the heterogeneous nature of the bone-like tissue formed. FTIR-derived phosphate maps confirmed that those locations with the lowest PD values contained the most mineral, and FTIR-derived collagen maps confirmed that bright pixels on MTR maps corresponded to regions of high collagen content. In conclusion, the spatial mapping of tissue constituents by FTIR microspectroscopy corroborated the findings of non-invasive MRM measurements and supported the role of MRM in monitoring the bone formation process in vitro.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…In fact, calibration curves have been derived for this MRM parameter and the collagen content of articular cartilage (27), engineered cartilage (28), and collagen gels (27,29,30). In this mineralizing system, collagen, the predominant organic constituent of bone, was assessed using MT ratio images (12,13,31,32).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of bioreactor-cultivated bone by magnetic resonance microscopy and FTIR microspectroscopy

Chesnick

Avallone

Leapman

et al. 2007

Bone

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“…On the other hand, the low crystallinity may also correspond to the presence of carbonate substitutions in the crystal lattice [49]. Diffraction patterns with similar fuzzy concentric rings were also observed in dentin [64] and calcified cartilage [65], as well as in tissues undergoing extraskeletal calcification [66], which were also interpreted as the presence of HAP possessing a low degree of crystallinity. As a further reference, diffraction patterns of the mineral precursor in bones produced amorphous diffraction patterns while more mature bone harbored both fuzzy rings and dots similar to the more crystalline patterns obtained for some of our serum granulations [67].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 85%

Characterization of Granulations of Calcium and Apatite in Serum as Pleomorphic Mineralo-Protein Complexes and as Precursors of Putative Nanobacteria

et al. 2009

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Calcium and apatite granulations are demonstrated here to form in both human and fetal bovine serum in response to the simple addition of either calcium or phosphate, or a combination of both. These granulations are shown to represent precipitating complexes of protein and hydroxyapatite (HAP) that display marked pleomorphism, appearing as round, laminated particles, spindles, and films. These same complexes can be found in normal untreated serum, albeit at much lower amounts, and appear to result from the progressive binding of serum proteins with apatite until reaching saturation, upon which the mineralo-protein complexes precipitate. Chemically and morphologically, these complexes are virtually identical to the so-called nanobacteria (NB) implicated in numerous diseases and considered unusual for their small size, pleomorphism, and the presence of HAP. Like NB, serum granulations can seed particles upon transfer to serum-free medium, and their main protein constituents include albumin, complement components 3 and 4A, fetuin-A, and apolipoproteins A1 and B100, as well as other calcium and apatite binding proteins found in the serum. However, these serum mineralo-protein complexes are formed from the direct chemical binding of inorganic and organic phases, bypassing the need for any biological processes, including the long cultivation in cell culture conditions deemed necessary for the demonstration of NB. Thus, these serum granulations may result from physiologically inherent processes that become amplified with calcium phosphate loading or when subjected to culturing in medium. They may be viewed as simple mineralo-protein complexes formed from the deployment of calcification-inhibitory pathways used by the body to cope with excess calcium phosphate so as to prevent unwarranted calcification. Rather than representing novel pathophysiological mechanisms or exotic lifeforms, these results indicate that the entities described earlier as NB most likely originate from calcium and apatite binding factors in the serum, presumably calcification inhibitors, that upon saturation, form seeds for HAP deposition and growth. These calcium granulations are similar to those found in organisms throughout nature and may represent the products of more general calcium regulation pathways involved in the control of calcium storage, retrieval, tissue deposition, and disposal.

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“…Cartilage matrix formed from hypertrophic chondrocytes has also been shown to exhibit lower T2 relaxation times relative to that of mature chondrocytes (Potter et al 2002). Hypertrophy of chondrocytes in the growth plate during skeletal development is a normal physiologic process that drives endochondral bone formation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Total-body irradiation produces late degenerative joint damage in rats

Hutchinson¹,

Olson²,

Lindburg³

et al. 2014

International Journal of Radiation Biology

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Purpose Premature musculoskeletal joint failure is a major source of morbidity among childhood cancer survivors. Radiation effects on synovial joint tissues of the skeleton are poorly understood. Our goal was to assess long-term changes in the knee joint from skeletally mature rats that received total-body irradiation while skeletal growth was ongoing. Materials and Methods 14 week-old rats were irradiated with 1, 3 or 7 Gy total-body doses of 18 MV x-rays. At 53 weeks of age, structural and compositional changes in knee joint tissues (articular cartilage, subchondral bone, and trabecular bone) were characterized using 7T MRI, nanocomputed tomography (nanoCT), microcomputed tomography (microCT), and histology. Results T2 relaxation times of the articular cartilage were lower after exposure to all doses. Likewise, calcifications were observed in the articular cartilage. Trabecular bone microarchitecture was compromised in the tibial metaphysis at 7 Gy. Mild to moderate cartilage erosion was scored in the 3 and 7 Gy rats. Conclusions Late degenerative changes in articular cartilage and bone were observed after total body irradiation in adult rats exposed prior to skeletal maturity. 7T MRI, microCT, nanoCT, and histology identified potential prognostic indicators of late radiation-induced joint damage.

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Cartilage Calcification Studied by Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Microscopy

Cited by 19 publications

References 38 publications

Evaluation of bioreactor-cultivated bone by magnetic resonance microscopy and FTIR microspectroscopy

Evaluation of bioreactor-cultivated bone by magnetic resonance microscopy and FTIR microspectroscopy

Characterization of Granulations of Calcium and Apatite in Serum as Pleomorphic Mineralo-Protein Complexes and as Precursors of Putative Nanobacteria

Total-body irradiation produces late degenerative joint damage in rats

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