Abstract:In this work, we propose to define a new space that will be called locally Cartesian space (Saidou'Spaces). It is a space defined by a new topology whose fundamental system of neighborhood are compact cartesian subsets, theses subsets were already defined during our previous work, "Geometrical introduction to Cartesian geometry in complex shapes see [15]. It will have the same properties of a Banach space. Then, we will give the steps of a cartesianization method of complex shapes or region in this space. The … Show more
“…The above values were compared with other results from ore-bearing or mining regions of Cameroon [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. Indoor radon concentrations ranged between 46-143 Bq m −3 in Poli [12], 27-937 Bq m −3 in Lolodorf [15], 88-282 Bq m −3 in Betare-Oya [9], and 31-436 Bq m −3 in the coastal city of Douala [11]. The average values were 82 Bq m −3 , 97 Bq m −3 , 133 Bq m −3 and 139 Bq m −3 , respectively.…”
Section: Indoor Radon Distribution Using Radon Track Detectors (Radtrak)mentioning
confidence: 98%
“…Saïdou et al [10] previously reported natural radiation exposure to the public in some mining and ore-bearing regions of Cameroon. It has been found that the average inhalation doses due to 222 Rn are 1.5 mSv, 2 mSv, 2.5 mSv and 2.6 mSv in the uranium-bearing region of Poli [12], the uranium and thorium-bearing region Lolodorf [15], the gold mining areas of Betare-Oya [9] and the coastal city of Douala [11], respectively. It can be noted that the above average values are comparable to those found in the current work.…”
Section: Inhalation Dosementioning
confidence: 99%
“…The bauxite deposits of Minim-Martap and Ngaoundal in southern Adamawa, Cameroon will be exploited in the near future. Thus, pre-exploitation background radiation levels should be determined for the accurate assessment of the impact of mining on the environment and the general public in the post-exploitation environment [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. In that perspective, field works were performed for soil and water sampling, radon detectors were deployed in dwellings and ambient equivalent dose rates measurements were performed.…”
The current work deals with indoor radon (222Rn) concentrations and ambient dose-equivalent rate measurements in the bauxite-bearing areas of the Adamawa region in Cameroon before mining from 2022. In total, 90 Electret Ionization Chambers (EIC) (commercially, EPERM) and 175 Radon Track Detectors (commercially, RADTRAK2) were used to measure 222Rn concentrations in dwellings of four localities of the above region. A pocket survey meter (RadEye PRD-ER, Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) was used for the ambient dose-equivalent rate measurements. These measurements were followed by calculations of annual doses from inhalation and external exposure. 222Rn concentrations were found to vary between 36 ± 8–687 ± 35 Bq m−3 with a geometric mean (GM) of 175 ± 16 Bq m−3 and 43 ± 12–270 ± 40 Bq m−3 with a geometric mean of 101 ± 21 Bq m−3 by using EPERM and RADTRAK, respectively. According to RADTRAK data, 51% of dwellings have radon concentrations above the reference level of 100 Bq m−3 recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). The ambient dose equivalent rate ranged between 0.04–0.17 µSv h−1 with the average value of 0.08 µSv h−1. The inhalation dose and annual external effective dose to the public were assessed and found to vary between 0.8–5 mSv with an average value of 2 mSv and 0.3–1.8 mSv with an average value of 0.7 mSv, respectively. Most of the average values in terms of concentration and radiation dose were found to be above the corresponding world averages given by the United Nations Scientific Commission on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR). Even though the current exposure of members of the public to natural radiation is not critical, the situation could change abruptly when mining starts.
“…The above values were compared with other results from ore-bearing or mining regions of Cameroon [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. Indoor radon concentrations ranged between 46-143 Bq m −3 in Poli [12], 27-937 Bq m −3 in Lolodorf [15], 88-282 Bq m −3 in Betare-Oya [9], and 31-436 Bq m −3 in the coastal city of Douala [11]. The average values were 82 Bq m −3 , 97 Bq m −3 , 133 Bq m −3 and 139 Bq m −3 , respectively.…”
Section: Indoor Radon Distribution Using Radon Track Detectors (Radtrak)mentioning
confidence: 98%
“…Saïdou et al [10] previously reported natural radiation exposure to the public in some mining and ore-bearing regions of Cameroon. It has been found that the average inhalation doses due to 222 Rn are 1.5 mSv, 2 mSv, 2.5 mSv and 2.6 mSv in the uranium-bearing region of Poli [12], the uranium and thorium-bearing region Lolodorf [15], the gold mining areas of Betare-Oya [9] and the coastal city of Douala [11], respectively. It can be noted that the above average values are comparable to those found in the current work.…”
Section: Inhalation Dosementioning
confidence: 99%
“…The bauxite deposits of Minim-Martap and Ngaoundal in southern Adamawa, Cameroon will be exploited in the near future. Thus, pre-exploitation background radiation levels should be determined for the accurate assessment of the impact of mining on the environment and the general public in the post-exploitation environment [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. In that perspective, field works were performed for soil and water sampling, radon detectors were deployed in dwellings and ambient equivalent dose rates measurements were performed.…”
The current work deals with indoor radon (222Rn) concentrations and ambient dose-equivalent rate measurements in the bauxite-bearing areas of the Adamawa region in Cameroon before mining from 2022. In total, 90 Electret Ionization Chambers (EIC) (commercially, EPERM) and 175 Radon Track Detectors (commercially, RADTRAK2) were used to measure 222Rn concentrations in dwellings of four localities of the above region. A pocket survey meter (RadEye PRD-ER, Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) was used for the ambient dose-equivalent rate measurements. These measurements were followed by calculations of annual doses from inhalation and external exposure. 222Rn concentrations were found to vary between 36 ± 8–687 ± 35 Bq m−3 with a geometric mean (GM) of 175 ± 16 Bq m−3 and 43 ± 12–270 ± 40 Bq m−3 with a geometric mean of 101 ± 21 Bq m−3 by using EPERM and RADTRAK, respectively. According to RADTRAK data, 51% of dwellings have radon concentrations above the reference level of 100 Bq m−3 recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). The ambient dose equivalent rate ranged between 0.04–0.17 µSv h−1 with the average value of 0.08 µSv h−1. The inhalation dose and annual external effective dose to the public were assessed and found to vary between 0.8–5 mSv with an average value of 2 mSv and 0.3–1.8 mSv with an average value of 0.7 mSv, respectively. Most of the average values in terms of concentration and radiation dose were found to be above the corresponding world averages given by the United Nations Scientific Commission on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR). Even though the current exposure of members of the public to natural radiation is not critical, the situation could change abruptly when mining starts.
“…In Cameroon, a total of 450 RADUETs were used to measure indoor radon and thoron concentrations in houses around mining and ore-bearing regions of Poli, Lolodorf, Betare-Oya and Douala [24,[36][37][38][39]. The monitors were hung from the ceiling in the bedroom for two months at a height of 1.…”
Section: Lessons Learned On Radon and Thoron Measurement By The Raduetmentioning
Radon (222Rn) and thoron (220Rn), sources of natural background radiation, have been the subjects of long-standing studies, including research into radon and thoron as major causes of lung cancer at domestic and international levels. In this regard, radon and thoron measurement studies have been widely conducted all over the world. Generally, the techniques used relate to passive nuclear track detectors. Some surveys have shown that passive monitors for radon are sensitive to thoron, and hence some measured results have probably overestimated radon concentrations. This study investigated radon and thoron measurements in domestic and international surveys using the passive radon–thoron discriminative monitor, commercially named RADUET. This paper attempts to provide an understanding of discriminative measurements of radon isotopes and to present an evidence-based roadmap.
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