CART peptides

Kuhar, Michael J.; Adams, Stephanie K.; Dominguez, Geraldina; Jaworski, Jason N.; Balkan, Bedih

doi:10.1054/npep.2002.0887

Cited by 95 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…In brain, the highest levels are found in the hypothalamus; moderate levels in the midbrain and thalamus; and lower but detectable levels in the hindbrain, hippocampus, ventral striatum, and cerebral cortex (4,5,11,16). In agreement with studies in humans (17,18) and rats (11,16), our study localizes CART mRNA expression in ischemic brain within layer IV of the somatosensory cerebral cortex.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…In the current study, using DNA microarrays, we identified a gene product, cocaine-and amphetamineregulated transcript (CART), that is highly induced by estradiol in the ischemic cerebral cortex and that exhibits potent neuroprotective effects in models of neural injury both in vitro and in vivo. The cart gene encodes a neuropeptide that has been implicated in food intake, drug addiction, and the neuroendocrine response to stress (4)(5)(6)(7)(8). However, the role of CART as a neuroprotective peptide and its regulation by estrogen in ischemic brain have not been examined.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Role of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript in estradiol-mediated neuroprotection

Zhang²,

Klaus³

et al. 2006

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

107

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Estrogen reduces brain injury after experimental cerebral ischemia in part through a genomic mechanism of action. Using DNA microarrays, we analyzed the genomic response of the brain to estradiol, and we identified a transcript, cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), that is highly induced in the cerebral cortex by estradiol under ischemic conditions. Using in vitro and in vivo models of neural injury, we confirmed and characterized CART mRNA and protein up-regulation by estradiol in surviving neurons, and we demonstrated that i.v. administration of a rat CART peptide is protective against ischemic brain injury in vivo. We further demonstrated binding of cAMP response element (CRE)-binding protein to a CART promoter CRE site in ischemic brain and rapid activation by CART of ERK in primary cultured cortical neurons. The findings suggest that CART is an important player in estrogen-mediated neuroprotection and a potential therapeutic agent for stroke and other neurodegenerative diseases.ischemia ͉ stroke ͉ estrogen

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript in estradiol-mediated neuroprotection

Zhang²,

Klaus³

et al. 2006

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

107

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“…CART is expressed in neurons in the hypothalamus that project to regions thought to regulate mood such as the prefrontal cortex, the hippocampus and striatum [7] [14]. Mutations in the CART gene in humans are associated with depression and anxiety [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduced CSF CART in dementia with Lewy bodies

Schultz

Wiehager

Nilsson

et al. 2009

Neuroscience Letters

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Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is the second most common form of neurodegenerative dementia after Alzheimer's disease (AD). The underlying neurobiological mechanism of DLB is not fully understood and no generally accepted biomarkers are yet available for the diagnosis of DLB. In a recent MRI study, DLB patients displayed hypothalamic atrophy whereas this region was not affected in AD patients. Cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART) is a neuropeptide expressed selectively in neurons in the hypothalamus.Here, we found that CSF CART levels were significantly reduced by 30% in DLB patients (n=12) compared to controls (n=12) as well as to AD patients (n=14) using radioimmunoassay. Our preliminary results suggest that reduced CSF CART is a sign of hypothalamic dysfunction in DLB and that it may serve as a biomarker for this patient group.

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“…The CART gene is highly conserved during phylogeny, and the complete sequence of mouse, rat, human, and goldfish CART genes is known (for review, see Kuhar et al, 2002). The carboxy-terminus of CARTp, which contains the biologically active sequences, is conserved in every species investigated.…”

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confidence: 99%

Immunohistochemical localization of cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐regulated transcript peptide in the central nervous system of the frog Rana esculenta

Lázár

Calle

Roubos

et al. 2004

J of Comparative Neurology

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The distribution of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide (CARTp)- like immunoreactivity was studied only in the rat central nervous system (CNS). In mammals, CART peptides occur among others in brain areas that control feeding behavior. We mapped CARTp-immunoreactive structures in the CNS of the frog Rana esculenta and assumed that differences may exist in the CARTp-containing neuronal populations between the frog, which does not feed in winter, and the rat. In the forebrain, immunoreactive cells and fibers were found in the olfactory bulb, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, medial pallium, septum, striatum, the preoptic nuclei, ventromedial nucleus, central thalamic nucleus, and the hypothalamus. The optic pathway was free of immunoreactivity. The neurohypophysis showed intense immunostaining. In the mesencephalon, many cells were stained in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, and a few in the optic tectum, where fibers were stained in all plexiform layers. In the retina, some cells in the inner nuclear layer contained CARTp. In the rhombencephalon, cells were stained in the raphe nuclei, central gray, nucleus of the solitary tract, and the vicinity of motor nuclei. Neurons of the motor cranial nerves were densely innervated by CARTp-positive fibers originating from the spinal cord. In the spinal cord, preganglionic cells were stained, and motoneurons were surrounded by immunoreactive varicose axon terminals. Major differences were found between the frog and the rat brains in the distribution of CARTp in the visual system, olfactory bulb, preoptic area, and the motor nuclei. Some of these differences may be related to feeding behavior of these animals.

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CART peptides

Cited by 95 publications

References 77 publications

Role of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript in estradiol-mediated neuroprotection

Role of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript in estradiol-mediated neuroprotection

Reduced CSF CART in dementia with Lewy bodies

Immunohistochemical localization of cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐regulated transcript peptide in the central nervous system of the frog Rana esculenta

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