Carrying Gas Influence and Fabrication Parameters Impact in 3D Manufacturing of In Situ TiN-Ti Composites by Direct Laser Deposition

Candela, Carmen Sánchez de Rojas; Aguado, Ainhoa Riquelme; Rodrigo, P.; Rams, J.

doi:10.1007/s12540-022-01260-2

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…TiN dendrites formed on the Ti6Al4V matrix are shown in more detail in Figure 3b. High temperatures allowed the direct reaction between nitrogen and molten titanium to form the TiN reinforcement dendrites, whose morphology and size depended on the maximum temperatures reached, the cooling rates during solidification, and the nitrogen amount available [36]. The interface between the TiN/Ti and martensitic titanium layers is shown in Figure 3c.…”

Section: Microstructural Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The increase in porosity in the TiN area was due to the lower wettability between the titanium matrix and the TiN reinforcement, which increased the molten pools' viscosity due to the presence of a solid phase. Thus, this high viscosity created pores via contraction during the solidification stage (shrinkage cavities), as well as due to interdendritic porosity [36]. A histogram with the porosity distribution for the TiN-reinforced material is plotted in Figure 4.…”

Section: Microstructural Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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A One-Step Novel Method to Fabricate Multigrade Ti6Al4V/TiN Composites Using Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Sánchez de Rojas Candela,

Riquelme,

Rodrigo

et al. 2024

Coatings

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Ti6Al4V is the most used alloy for implants because of its excellent biocompatibility; however, its low wear resistance limits its use in the biomedical industry. The additive manufacturing (AM) of Ti6Al4V is a well-established technique that is being used in many fields. However, the AM of Ti6Al4V composites is currently under investigation, and its manufacture using laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) would result in a great benefit for many industries. The one-step novel concept proposed uses a gas-controlled L-PBF system that enables the AM of layers with different compositions. Six millimeter-edged cubes of Ti6Al4V were manufactured in an Ar atmosphere and coated with in situ Ti6Al4V/TiN layers by using an Ar–N2 mixture given the direct reaction between titanium and nitrogen. Unreinforced Ti6Al4V presented a martensitic microstructure, and TiN reinforcement dendrites and a minor Ti2N phase were gradually introduced into an α + β basketweave titanium matrix. The composites’ microhardness, nanohardness, and elastic modulus were 2, 3, and 1.5 times higher, respectively, than those of the Ti6Al4V. Porosity levels (caused by a lack of fusion, trapping gases, and interdendritic porosity), ranged from 7 to 12% (most measured 20–40 µm) and increased with the reinforcement content (15 to 25%). A scaled-up, proof-of-concept design of a hip implant stem was 3D printed using this nitriding method. Since the neck of the stem (top part) is more susceptible to the fracture and fretting corrosion process, the resulting graded material part consisted of unreinforced Ti6Al4V at the bottom and Ti6Al4V/TiN at the top. This change was controlled by gradually adding nitrogen to the atmosphere; moreover, it was found that the more nitrogen in the chamber, the more TiN reinforcement formed in the part. A microhardness of ~450 HV0.1 was measured at the bottom and gradually increased to ~900HV0.1, with the increment corresponding to the in situ TiN reinforcement amount.

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Section: Microstructural Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Microstructural Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

A One-Step Novel Method to Fabricate Multigrade Ti6Al4V/TiN Composites Using Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Sánchez de Rojas Candela,

Riquelme,

Rodrigo

et al. 2024

Coatings

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“…Traxel et al [23] reacted Ti with BN to generate TiN and TiB in situ autogenously, which increased the yield strength from 480 MPa to 610 MPa. Candela et al [24] used direct laser deposition to self-generate TiN in situ on Ti, which increased the microhardness of the composite by 50-100%. In-situ autogenous TiN on Ti surface was mainly applied in the direction of coating surface research [25][26][27] to substantially improve surface hardness, friction, and wear properties, and possess good bonding ability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on the Preparation of Network Ti-N/Ti Composites by Nitridation of Ti Powders

Xiu

Zhan³

et al. 2023

Materials

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Composite structure design is an important way to improve reinforcement strengthening efficiency. The dispersion of the external reinforcement is often not uniform enough, however, and it is agglomerated in the matrix, which cannot uniformly and effectively bear the load. The interconnected reinforcement network prepared by the in-situ self-growth method is expected to obtain higher material properties. In this paper, the TiN shell was formed on the surface of Ti powder by the in-situ nitriding method, and then the network TiN/Ti composites were prepared by sintering. In the control group, TiN was dispersed by mechanical ball milling, and it was found that TiN powder was coated on the surface of Ti particles, and the sintered TiN/Ti composites formed a discontinuous structure with a great deal of TiN agglomeration. A uniform TiN nitride layer of 5~7 μm was formed on the surface of Ti powder by the in-situ nitriding method, and a connected TiN network was formed in the sintered Ti-N/Ti composites. The composites prepared by nitriding have higher compressive strength, hardness, and plasticity. The hardness of the Ti-N/Ti composite is 685.7 HV and the compressive strength is 1468.5 MPa. On this basis, the influence of the connected TiN structure on the material properties was analyzed, which provided theoretical guidance for the structural design of the network structure-reinforced titanium matrix composites.

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Impact of Layering Strategies on the Properties of In-Situ Synthesized Tin/Tc4 Laminated Materials Via Laser Directed Energy Deposition

Tai,

Yang,

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Carrying Gas Influence and Fabrication Parameters Impact in 3D Manufacturing of In Situ TiN-Ti Composites by Direct Laser Deposition

Cited by 3 publications

References 33 publications

A One-Step Novel Method to Fabricate Multigrade Ti6Al4V/TiN Composites Using Laser Powder Bed Fusion

A One-Step Novel Method to Fabricate Multigrade Ti6Al4V/TiN Composites Using Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Study on the Preparation of Network Ti-N/Ti Composites by Nitridation of Ti Powders

Impact of Layering Strategies on the Properties of In-Situ Synthesized Tin/Tc4 Laminated Materials Via Laser Directed Energy Deposition

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