Carrot Floral Development and Reproductive Biology

Linke, Bernd; Alessandro, María Soledad; Galmarini, Claudio R.; Nothnagel, Thomas

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-03389-7_3

Cited by 17 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 145 publications

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“…The centripetal character of the Apiaceae could be observed, with a possible gap at flowering start between peripheral and central umbellets. Similar results have already been observed in fennel (Falzari et al, 2005; Gross, Lewinsohn, Dudai, Cohen, & Friedman, 2008; Koul et al, 1996), and more generally in Apiaceae (Linke, Alessandro, Galmarini, & Nothnagel, 2019; Webb, 1981). Despite this gap, umbel flowering end, which corresponds to fertilisation of the flowers and therefore to the start of seed development, is synchronous; this finding is of great interest in seed and aromatic productions, as it leads to the absence of difference in seed maturity at harvest between the umbels of the same order.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Predictors for assessing the flowering duration and dynamics of the complex umbellate of fennel in seed production

Lefort

Raveneau

Cannavacciuolo

et al. 2021

Annals of Applied Biology

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Flowering is a critical stage of fennel seed production, which strongly depends on climate factors. In crops such as fennel, the complexity of the umbellate structure and the lack of knowledge about its flowering dynamics make the prediction of the duration of this phenological stage uneasy. In the context of climate change, a reliable predictive tool for the duration of fennel flowering is needed. Our aim was to increase knowledge on fennel flowering dynamics and to propose a model to be used by seed producers. In 2018 and 2019, we studied the development of secondary and tertiary umbels during flowering stage which was determined from the Bundesanstalt Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie scale, in plants of four genotypes grown in tunnels. Multiple linear regression (MLR) models were used to select the more accurate equations which consisted of one or more variables as predictors of flowering duration and its dynamics across secondary and tertiary umbels. In all model subsets, the criterion‐based procedure was used, followed by a criterion‐based hybrid procedure to take advantage of the Mallows' Cp, adjusted R2 and Bayesian information criterion, for equations and predictor selection. Two variables related to temperature, namely the temperature summation expressed in degree days and the number of days with temperature lower than 15°C, were identified as relevant parameters for predicting flowering duration expressed in days, in secondary as well as tertiary umbels. In addition, the equations and accurate predictors identified for modelling differences in time between flowering starts and ends of secondary and tertiary umbels also highlighted the importance of the number of days when the temperature amplitude is higher than 20°C, the number of days when the mean temperature is higher than 27°C, and the number of days when the relative humidity is higher than 80%.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Predictors for assessing the flowering duration and dynamics of the complex umbellate of fennel in seed production

Lefort

Raveneau

Cannavacciuolo

et al. 2021

Annals of Applied Biology

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“…On the contrary, MS seems to be more common within the Apiaceae family. Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), a maternally inherited trait that is often associated with single-gene mutations in the mitochondrial genome [ 39 ], has been reported in Daucus carota (for a review see [ 40 ]) but also in Foeniculum vulgare [ 41 ], Apium graveolens [ 42 ] and Pastinaca sativa [ 43 ]. In Apium graveolens , the discovery of CMS genotypes has been reported since the 1980s, and few F1 hybrids available on the market for celery and celeriac ( A. graveolens var.…”

Section: Plant Reproductive Strategies and Breeding Schemes In The Apiaceae Familymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this latter type of CMS, first stamens form and appear phenotypically normal while complete microspore abortion and brown anthers turning brown are later observed. In ‘petaloid sterile’ plants, the anthers are transformed into petaloid structures during their early development and do not produce pollen [ 40 ]. In Foeniculum vulgare and Pastinaca sativa , the existence of CMS is documented [ 43 , 45 , 46 ], and several F1 hybrids are available on the market, but also, in this case, breeding data are quite scanty.…”

Section: Plant Reproductive Strategies and Breeding Schemes In The Apiaceae Familymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to the economic interest behind this trait, the mechanisms and origin of male sterility are often contained by the breeding companies, and reports on CMS sources are elusive. Only in few cases are the genetics underlying the lack of pollen elucidated [ 40 , 41 ]. It is well established that one of the most effective strategies to identify the genes responsible for CMS is the comparison between mitochondrial genomes (mtDNA) of fertile and sterile genotypes to identify differences in terms of sequences and/or structure organization.…”

Section: Plant Reproductive Strategies and Breeding Schemes In The Apiaceae Familymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of Genomic and Transcriptomic Resources on Apiaceae Crop Breeding Strategies

Palumbo

Vannozzi

Barcaccia

2021

IJMS

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The Apiaceae taxon is one of the most important families of flowering plants and includes thousands of species used for food, flavoring, fragrance, medical and industrial purposes. This study had the specific intent of reviewing the main genomics and transcriptomic data available for this family and their use for the constitution of new varieties. This was achieved starting from the description of the main reproductive systems and barriers, with particular reference to cytoplasmic (CMS) and nuclear (NMS) male sterility. We found that CMS and NMS systems have been discovered and successfully exploited for the development of varieties only in Foeniculum vulgare, Daucus carota, Apium graveolens and Pastinaca sativa; whereas, strategies to limit self-pollination have been poorly considered. Since the constitution of new varieties benefits from the synergistic use of marker-assisted breeding in combination with conventional breeding schemes, we also analyzed and discussed the available SNP and SSR marker datasets (20 species) and genomes (8 species). Furthermore, the RNA-seq studies aimed at elucidating key pathways in stress tolerance or biosynthesis of the metabolites of interest were limited and proportional to the economic weight of each species. Finally, by aligning 53 plastid genomes from as many species as possible, we demonstrated the precision offered by the super barcoding approach to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of Apiaceae species. Overall, despite the impressive size of this family, we documented an evident lack of molecular data, especially because genomic and transcriptomic resources are circumscribed to a small number of species. We believe that our contribution can help future studies aimed at developing molecular tools for boosting breeding programs in crop plants of the Apiaceae family.

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“…sativus L.) are "brown anther" (Sa), characterized by shriveled, yellow-to-brown anthers with no pollen (Welch and Grimball, 1947) and "petaloid" (Sp), in which anthers are replaced by a whorl of petals (Thompson 1961;Peterson and Simon, 1986). While "brown anther" type was found in a lot of cultivars as well as in wild relatives, "petaloid" type was only identified in wild relatives and has been introduced into the nuclear genetic background of the cultivated carrot (Linke et al, 2019). In addition to the two main types, CMS-GUM, CMS-MAR and CMS-GAD (from D. carota subsp.…”

Section: Carrotmentioning

confidence: 99%

Test of Interaction in the Analysis of Molecular Variance

Bruno

Videla

Balzarini

2019

BAG

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The genomic diversity, expressed in the differences between molecular haplotypes of a group of individuals, can be divided into components of variability between and within some factor of classification of the individuals. For such variance partitioning, molecular analysis of variance (AMOVA) is used, which is constructed from the multivariate distances between pairs of haplotypes. The classical AMOVA allows the evaluation of the statistical significance of two or more hierarchical factors and consequently there is no interaction test between factors. However, there are situations where the factors that classify individuals are crossed rather than nested, that is, all the levels of a factor are represented in each level of the other one. This paper proposes a statistical test to evaluate the interaction between crossed factors in a Non-Hierarchical AMOVA. The null hypothesis of interaction establishes that the molecular differences between individuals of different levels of a factor are the same for all the levels of the other factor that classifies them. The proposed analysis of interaction in a Non-Hierarchical AMOVA includes: calculation of the distance matrix and partition of it into blocks, subsequent calculation of residuals and analysis of non-parametric variance on the residuals. Its implementation is illustrated in simulated and real scenarios. The results suggest that the proposed interaction test for the Non-Hierarchical AMOVA presents high power. Key words: genetic variability, non-parametric methods, distances matrix, AMOVA.

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Carrot Floral Development and Reproductive Biology

Cited by 17 publications

References 145 publications

Predictors for assessing the flowering duration and dynamics of the complex umbellate of fennel in seed production

Predictors for assessing the flowering duration and dynamics of the complex umbellate of fennel in seed production

Impact of Genomic and Transcriptomic Resources on Apiaceae Crop Breeding Strategies

Test of Interaction in the Analysis of Molecular Variance

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