Carrion’s Disease: More Than a Sand Fly–Vectored Illness

Pons, María J.; Gomes, Cláudia; Valle-Mendoza, Juana del; Ruiz, Joaquı́m

doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1005863

Cited by 16 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…1,2 Carrion's disease or bartonellosis is a biphasic illness with acute and chronic phases. [1][2][3] In the acute, so-called Oroya fever, several unspecific symptoms are present, including anemia, jaundice, malaise, or fever, among others, 4 which in the absence or delay of adequate treatment may lead to fatality rates as high as 88% due to high bacteremia, transient immunosuppression, and the presence of opportunistic infections. [1][2][3] The distinctive trait of the chronic phase, so-called Peruvian wart, is a series of verrucous lesions due to an uncontrolled endothelial cell proliferation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…11 These gaps in knowledge are of special concern to understand both the epidemiology and the potential for dissemination of the disease, as well as to define potential disease control actions and its future elimination. 4 Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of B. bacilliformis DNA in populations of L. maranonensis from Cutervo Province in the Cajamarca department, northern Peru, to define if this sand fly species could be a potential vector of Carrion's disease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular Detection of Bartonella bacilliformis in Lutzomyia maranonensis in Cajamarca, Peru: A New Potential Vector of Carrion’s Disease in Peru?

Ulloa

Vasquez-Achaya

Gomes

et al. 2018

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Carrion's disease is a neglected, vector-borne illness that affects Colombia, Ecuador, and especially Peru. The phlebotomine sand flies and are the main illness vectors described, although other species may be implicated in endemic areas such as some northern Peruvian regions, in which Carrion's disease vector has not been established. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of DNA in from Cajamarca, northern Peru. This sand fly has not been defined as a vector yet. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention light traps were used to collect adult phlebotomine sand flies from 2007 to 2008 in the Cajamarca department. Female specimens were identified using morphological keys and were grouped into pools of five sand flies, taking into account district and sampling site (intradomicile or peridomicile). DNA was extracted, and then conventional and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were performed to detect and subsequently confirmed by sequencing. A total of 383 specimens of species were analyzed. Two of 76 pools were positive for by sequencing; all positives pools were from Querocotillo district. In addition, spp. were identified in two pools of sand flies, which is an α-proteobacteria phylogenetically very close to This study presents molecular evidence that suggests is naturally infected by in the Cajamarca department. Further research should determine if is a vector and could transmit

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Detection of Bartonella bacilliformis in Lutzomyia maranonensis in Cajamarca, Peru: A New Potential Vector of Carrion’s Disease in Peru?

Ulloa

Vasquez-Achaya

Gomes

et al. 2018

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…In 1885, a Peruvian medical student named Daniel Alcides Carrion self-inoculated B. bacilliformis demonstrating that the two phases of illness are caused by the same bacteria and as a recognition to his sacrifice, the infection is also known as Carrion’s disease [27]. But it wasn’t until 1913 when the female sand-fly Lutzomyia verrucarum was confirmed as the vector responsible for its transmission to humans [11, 28]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, the El Niño phenomenon has created increased rainfall across the east-central and Eastern Pacific Ocean raising humidity levels favoring the sand fly’s reproduction and vector expansion [28, 29]. However, the insidious extension of the South American Bartonellosis in areas where the Lutzomyia genus is absent suggest the presence of undescribed vectors for B. bacilliformis [28]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular identification of Bartonella bacilliformis in ticks collected from two species of wild mammals in Madre de Dios: Peru

et al. 2018

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ObjectiveTo study the presence of Bartonella bacilliformis in ticks collected from two wild mammals in Madre de Dios, Peru.ResultsA total of 110 ticks were collected. Among the 43 Amblyomma spp. extracted from the 3 Tapirus terrestris only 3 were positive for B. bacilliformis. In addition, 12 out of the 67 Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus obtained from the 3 Pecari tajacu were positive for B. bacilliformis. For the first time B. bacilliformis have been detected in arthropods other than Lutzomyia spp. Further studies are required to elucidate the possible role of ticks in the spread of South American Bartonellosis.

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“…Overall, patients in the acute phase are younger than those in the eruptive phase; thus, in a study by Maguiña et al (139), it was observed that patients in the acute phase have a mean age of 14.6 years while those in the eruptive phase has a mean age of 18.4 years, suggesting the development of acquired immunity following exposure (35). The mortality rate in the acute phase is 40 to 85% in untreated patients; however, in reference centers (where severe cases are treated) with appropriate and timely treatment, this rate can be reduced to values of around 10% (6,15,78,139,141,142). Complications or secondary opportunistic infections can dramatically worsen the clinical outcome, and unfortunately, they are quite common (29,33,78,(142)(143)(144).…”

Section: Oroya Fevermentioning

confidence: 99%

Carrion's Disease: the Sound of Silence

2018

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Carrion's disease (CD) is a neglected biphasic vector-borne illness related to . It is found in the Andean valleys and is transmitted mainly by members of the genus but also by blood transfusions and from mother to child. The acute phase, Oroya fever, presents severe anemia and fever. The lethality is high in the absence of adequate treatment, despite the organism being susceptible to most antibiotics. Partial immunity is developed after infection by , resulting in high numbers of asymptomatic carriers. Following infection there is the chronic phase, Peruvian warts, involving abnormal proliferation of the endothelial cells. Despite potentially being eradicable, CD has been expanded due to human migration and geographical expansion of the vector. Moreover, studies have demonstrated the risk of the development of antimicrobial resistance. These findings, together with the description of new species producing CD-like infections, the presence of undescribed potential vectors in new areas, the lack of adequate diagnostic tools and knowledge of the immunology and bacterial pathogenesis of CD, and poor international visibility, have led to the risk of increasing the potential expansion of resistant strains which will challenge current treatment schemes as well as the possible appearance of CD in areas where it is not endemic.

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Carrion’s Disease: More Than a Sand Fly–Vectored Illness

Cited by 16 publications

References 17 publications

Molecular Detection of Bartonella bacilliformis in Lutzomyia maranonensis in Cajamarca, Peru: A New Potential Vector of Carrion’s Disease in Peru?

Molecular Detection of Bartonella bacilliformis in Lutzomyia maranonensis in Cajamarca, Peru: A New Potential Vector of Carrion’s Disease in Peru?

Molecular identification of Bartonella bacilliformis in ticks collected from two species of wild mammals in Madre de Dios: Peru

Carrion's Disease: the Sound of Silence

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