Carrier Phase Optimization for Frequency Division Multiplexing of Low Temperature Detectors

Lindeman, M. A.; Hijmering, R. A.; Khosropanah, P.; Korte, P. A. J. de; Hartog, R. den; Gottardi, L.; Kuur, J. van der; Hoevers, H.

doi:10.1007/s10909-012-0540-8

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 1 publication

(1 reference statement)

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“…We currently assign random initial phases, resulting in crest factors between 12 dB and 14 dB for waveforms with up to 4000 carriers. For this system this is the most practical solution: Since the system SNR is limited by the ADC (see Table I), and the MKIDs add a quasi-random phase to the readout tones, it is virtually impossible to get better crest factors, event with advanced techniques such as presented in [13] [14].…”

Section: A Carrier Generationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiplexed Readout for 1000-Pixel Arrays of Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors

Rantwijk

Grim

Loon

et al. 2016

IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Techn.

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Abstract-Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs) are the most attractive radiation detectors for far-infrared and sub-mm astronomy: They combine ultimate sensitivity with the possibility to create very large detector arrays, in excess of 10 000 pixels. This is possible by reading-out the arrays using RF frequency division multiplexing, which allows multiplexing ratios in excess of 1000 pixels per readout line. We describe a novel readout system for large arrays of MKIDs, operating in a 2 GHz band in the 4-8 GHz range. The readout, which is a combination of a digital front-and back-end and an analog up-and downconverter system, can read out up to 4000 detectors simultaneously with 1 kHz data rate. The system achieves a readout noise power spectral density of −98 dBc/Hz while reading 1000 carriers simultaneously, which scales linear with the number of carriers. We demonstrate that 4000 state-of-the-art Aluminium-NbTiN MKIDs can be read out without deteriorating their intrinsic performance.Index Terms-Design of microwave components for astrophysic applications, microwave superconductivity, design of microwave devices and circuits, heterodyne and direct detector instruments, frequency division multiplexing, kinetic inductance detectors.

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Section: A Carrier Generationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiplexed Readout for 1000-Pixel Arrays of Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors

Rantwijk

Grim

Loon

et al. 2016

IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Techn.

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“…An algorithm to adjust the phase of many sinusoids and search for a set of parameters that mininimizes the crest factor exists. 9 Since the DAN feedback technique is constantly making small adjustments to the phases of each nuller we look for smoothness of the parameter-space to ensure the existence of broad minima instead of a narrow global minimization. We note that no simple analytic formula to determine a minimum crest factor exists.…”

Section: System Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Digital frequency domain multiplexing readout electronics for the next generation of millimeter telescopes

et al. 2014

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Frequency domain multiplexing (fMux) is an established technique for the readout of transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometers in millimeter-wavelength astrophysical instrumentation. In fMux, the signals from multiple detectors are read out on a single pair of wires reducing the total cryogenic thermal loading as well as the cold component complexity and cost of a system. The current digital fMux system, in use by POLARBEAR, EBEX, and the South Pole Telescope, is limited to a multiplexing factor of 16 by the dynamic range of the Superconducting Quantum Interference Device pre-amplifier and the total system bandwidth. Increased multiplexing is key for the next generation of large format TES cameras, such as SPT-3G and POLARBEAR2, which plan to have on the of order 15,000 detectors.Here, we present the next generation fMux readout, focusing on the warm electronics. In this system, the multiplexing factor increases to 64 channels per module (2 wires) while maintaining low noise levels and detector stability. This is achieved by increasing the system bandwidth, reducing the dynamic range requirements though active feedback, and digital synthesis of voltage biases with a novel polyphase filter algorithm. In addition, a version of the new fMux readout includes features such as low power consumption and radiation-hard components making it viable for future space-based millimeter telescopes such as the LiteBIRD satellite.

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“…• A factor 3.5√N carr ≅ 22 for the fact that a superposition of N carr sinusoidal carriers has to be generated, that does not saturate the DAC output. The crest factor (defined as the ratio of the peak amplitude to the rms of a waveform) of 3.5 here is a conservative estimate: with a slightly more dedicated approach, lower values are easily realisable [34].…”

Section: Dacs and Adcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Requirements for the detectors and read-out of ATHENA X-IFU

et al. 2014

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The detector system of the X-Ray Integral Field Unit (X-IFU), one of the two ATHENA focal plane instruments will be an ambitious step forward in the field of astronomical X-ray detection. We describe its baseline configuration, consisting of 3840 Transition Edge Sensors (TES) microcalorimeters with an energy resolution of 2.5 eV FWHM, spanning a 5 arcminute field-of-view and allowing an imaging resolution of 5 arcsec. The detectors are read out in 96 channels of 40 pixels each, using frequency domain multiplexing (FDM). Each channel contains a dual-stage SQUID pre-amplifier and a low-noise amplifier (LNA). In order to enhance the dynamic range of the SQUIDs a specific technique, baseband feedback (BBFB), is applied. The generation of the carrier and feedback signals, and the signal processing are done in the digital domain. We review the requirements for the main elements of this system, needed to ensure the high performance of the detector system. From the resolution requirements for the detectors follows a budget for contributions to the energy resolution on top of the intrinsic detector resolution. This budget forms the basis for the assessment of the dynamic range requirements for the SQUID and the LNA and the DACs and the ADC. Requirements are also derived for the levels of crosstalk and non-linearity in the readout chain.

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Carrier Phase Optimization for Frequency Division Multiplexing of Low Temperature Detectors

Cited by 6 publications

References 1 publication

Multiplexed Readout for 1000-Pixel Arrays of Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors

Multiplexed Readout for 1000-Pixel Arrays of Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors

Digital frequency domain multiplexing readout electronics for the next generation of millimeter telescopes

Requirements for the detectors and read-out of ATHENA X-IFU

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