Carrier-mediated release of GABA from retinal horizontal cells

Yazulla, Stephen; Kleinschmidt, Jochen

doi:10.1016/0006-8993(83)91201-5

Cited by 160 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…The GABA synthesizing enzyme, glutamic acid decarboxylase, has been localized to horizontal cells of goldfish and rabbit retinas by immunocytochemistry (Wu, Brandon & Lam, 1981). Horizontal cells of certain fish and amphibian retinas actively accumulate [3H]GABA (Voaden, Marshall & Murani, 1974;Lam, Lasater & Naka, 1978;Marc, Stell, Bok & Lam, 1978;Hollyfield et al 1979;Schwartz, 1982;Yazulla & Kleinschmidt, 1983) and its release can be evoked or inhibited by other retinal transmitter candidates (Schwartz, 1982;Yazulla & Kleinschmidt, 1982.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In some amphibian retinas, for example, horizontal cell dendrites contact both rod and cone photoreceptor terminals (Lasansky, 1973;Witkovsky & Powell, 1981). In addition, a probable interplexiform cell is reported to synapse upon horizontal cells (Rayborn, Sarthy, Lam & Hollyfield, 1981;Kleinschmidt & Yazulla, 1983), and Lasansky (1980) has found that, in salamander retina, bipolar cells are presynaptic to horizontal cells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The actions of gamma‐aminobutyric acid, glycine and their antagonists upon horizontal cells of the Xenopus retina.

Stone¹,

Witkovsky²

1984

The Journal of Physiology

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We examined the effects of gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine and their respective antagonists, picrotoxin and strychnine, upon the membrane potential and light‐evoked responses of the type H1 horizontal cell of the Xenopus retina. This horizontal cell receives mixed input from rod and cone receptors. Under control conditions the mean membrane potential was ‐37.8 +/‐ 9.7 mV. Addition of 5 mM‐GABA to the superfusate hyperpolarized the cell by 4.0 +/‐ 2.6 mV within 3‐5 min; addition of 0.5 mM‐picrotoxin depolarized the cell by 4.3 +/‐ 2.1 mV. Prolonged (greater than 15 min) exposures to the drugs elicited more pronounced changes in membrane potential. GABA and picrotoxin affected primarily the cone‐dependent input to the H1 horizontal cell. Under dark‐adapted conditions, response wave forms were essentially unaltered by the drugs, but when the horizontal cell was moderately or fully light adapted, GABA reduced and picrotoxin enhanced the cone‐dependent component of its response to light. Long‐term (greater than 15 min) exposures to GABA and picrotoxin elicited changes in response kinetics usually associated with dark and light adaptation, respectively. Glycine, at bath concentrations of 0.6 mM or greater, depolarized horizontal cells by 21 mV on average and reduced or abolished their light response. This action did not occur in the presence of 0.1 mM‐strychnine. When all light‐evoked activity was blocked by 20‐40 mM‐magnesium, the depolarizing action of glycine still occurred. Thus, glycine appears to act directly upon the horizontal cell membrane. Neither GABA nor glycine, nor their respective antagonists, affected the spatial extent of the horizontal cell receptive field.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The actions of gamma‐aminobutyric acid, glycine and their antagonists upon horizontal cells of the Xenopus retina.

Stone¹,

Witkovsky²

1984

The Journal of Physiology

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“…We have no evidence that goldfish E3 cells can release glutamate, but some avian horizontal cells accumulate 'H-D-aspartate (Ehinger, 1981) presumably through a transporter. GABAergic horizontal cells are thought to exert most of their neurochemical effects via transport-mediated efflux (Schwartz, 1982(Schwartz, , 1987Yazulla and Kleinschmidt, 1983;Ayoub and Lam, 1984;Kamermans and Werblin, 1992) and such efflux is a possible mechanism for E3 cells. Some horizontal cells form conventional synapses onto bipolar cells (Sakai and Naka, 1986;Marshak and Dowling, 1987) and conventional glutamatergic synaptic transmission is also plausible.…”

Section: Some Horizontal Cells May Use Glutamate As a Neurotransmittermentioning

confidence: 99%

Pattern recognition of amino acid signatures in retinal neurons

1995

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Pattern recognition of amino acid signals partitions the cells of the goldfish retina into nine statistically unique biochemical theme classes and permits a first-order chemical mapping of virtually all cellular space. Photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells display a set of unique, nominally glutamatergic type E1, E1+E2, and E4 signatures, respectively. All horizontal cells are assignable to a GABAergic gamma 2 class or a non-GABAergic class with a glutamate-rich E3 signature. The amacrine cell layer is largely a mixture of (1) a taurine-dominated T1 Muller's cell signature and (2) GABAergic gamma 1, glycinergic G1, and dual glycinergic/GABAergic G gamma 1 amacrine cell signatures. Several major conclusions emerge from this work. (1) Glutamatergic, GABAergic, and glycinergic neural signatures and glial signatures account for over 99% of the cellular space in the retina. (2) All known neurons in the goldfish retina are associated with a set of conventional nonpeptide neurotransmitters. (3) Multiple forms of metabolic profiles are associated with a single nominal neurotransmitter category. (4) Glutamate and aspartate contents exhibit overlapping distributions and are not adequate univariate probes for identifying cell classes. (5) Signatures can serve as quantitative measures of cell state.

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“…Since Ayoub and Lam (1984) found that/-glutamate yields a [SH]GABA release that is logarithmically related to the external Na + concentration, and since GABA is released in a carrier-mediated manner (Yazulla and Kleinschmidt, 1983), we used the following expression for the GABA release by the qHC:…”

Section: The Horizontal Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Color opponency in cone-driven horizontal cells in carp retina. Aspecific pathways between cones and horizontal cells.

Kamermans

Dijk

Spekreijse

1991

The Journal of General Physiology

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A B S T R A C T The spectral and dynamic properties of cone-driven horizontal cells in carp retina were evaluated with silent substitution stimuli and/or saturating background illumination. The aim of this study was to describe the wiring underlying the spectral sensitivity of these cells. We will present electrophysiological data that indicate that all cone-driven horizontal cell types receive input from all spectral cone types, and we will present evidence that all cone-driven horizontal cell types feed back to all spectral cone types. These two findings are the basis for a model for the spectral and dynamic behavior of all cone-driven horizontal cells in carp retina. The model can account for the spectral as well as the dynamic behavior of the horizontal cells. It will be shown that the strength of the feedforward and feedback pathways between a horizontal cell and a particular spectral cone type are roughly proportional. This model is in sharp contrast to the Stell model, where the spectral behavior of the three horizontal cell types is explained by a cascade of feedforward and feedback pathways between cones and horizontal cells. The Stell model accounts for the spectral but not for the dynamic behavior of the horizontal cells. INTRODUCTIONIn carp and goldfish retina three types of cone-driven horizontal cells exist. They are called the mono-, bi-, and triphasic horizontal cells (MHC, BHC, and THC) depending on their spectral sensitivity characteristics (MacNichol and Svaetichin, 1958;Norton et al., 1968). Stell and co-workers (SteU et al., 1975(SteU et al., , 1982Stell, 1976) proposed a cascade model, which relates the spectral response properties of the horizontal cells (HC) to the structure of the ribbon synapse in the cone synaptic terminal. Stell's model is based on a morphological study of Golgi impregnated material from goldfish retina. In that study it was shown VOLUME 97" 1991 that the H 1 cells make central as well as lateral contacts with the synaptic ribbons of the long wavelength sensitive cones (R-cones) and make lateral contacts only with the middle and short wavelength sensitive cones (G-cones, B-cones). The H2 cells, however, make central as well as lateral contacts in the G-cones and make lateral contacts only with the B-cones. Finally, the H3 cells make central as well as lateral contacts only with the B-cones.Assuming that the central HC processes are the forward pathway from the cones to the HCs, that the lateral HC processes are a sign-inverting feedback pathway from HCs to the cones, and that the HI cells correspond to MHCs, H2 cells to BHCs, and H3 cells to THCs, the color coding of the HCs could be explained simply.However, three major problems exist with the Stell model: (a) The dynamics of the responses of all three cone horizontal cell types in carp retina to red light are equal except for latency differences (Spekreijse and Norton, 1970). According to the model of Stell, these responses are generated through different pathways, and hence should show latency as well as dynam...

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Carrier-mediated release of GABA from retinal horizontal cells

Cited by 160 publications

References 38 publications

The actions of gamma‐aminobutyric acid, glycine and their antagonists upon horizontal cells of the Xenopus retina.

The actions of gamma‐aminobutyric acid, glycine and their antagonists upon horizontal cells of the Xenopus retina.

Pattern recognition of amino acid signatures in retinal neurons

Color opponency in cone-driven horizontal cells in carp retina. Aspecific pathways between cones and horizontal cells.

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