Carrier-mediated liquid phase microextraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography for determination of illicit drugs in human urine

Liquid–liquid–liquid microextraction followed by HPLC with UV detection for quantitation of ephedrine in urine

“…Employing total glass extraction vial eliminates the need for using Teflon ring. Compared to previously developed HPLC-based methods [42,43], the proposed procedure exhibited better performance with a high EF along with a low LOD for the determination of ephedrine in urine samples. The proposed method offers a simple, rather easy, rapid, and inexpensive technique with high relative recovery for the analysis of ephedrine and it is recommended for doping control.…”

Determination of monoamine neurotransmitters in human urine by carrier-mediated liquid-phase microextraction based on solidification of stripping phase

“…Most studies focused on the extraction of hydrophobic compounds because it is difficult to obtain high extraction efficiency for hydrophilic compounds in LPME due to low distribution coefficient of hydrophilic compounds in the organic phase. To improve the extraction efficiency of hydrophilic compounds, some studies involved mixing various organic solvents or adding some additives for improving the distribution coefficient of the analytes in the organic phase were attempted [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. Another challenge in LPME is the collecting process of the acceptor solution due to its very small volume.…”

Selective extraction of emerging contaminants from water samples by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction using functionalized ionic liquids

“…SBSE-GC-MS was successfully applied to analyze 46 acidic and polar organic pollutants in water samples [16]. Other microextraction techniques widely used for the extraction of pharmaceutical drugs from liquid matrices include single drop microextraction (SDME) [17], dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) [18], and hollow-fiber liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME) [19]. Among all of these microextraction techniques, DLLME is considered to be the most rapid while exhibiting relatively high extraction efficiency.…”

“…The turbid solutions result in a large contact area between the extraction solvent and sample solution, which dramatically reduces the extraction time while enhancing the extraction efficiency. This efficient and convenient method has been used to extract and analyze various pharmaceuticals including antibiotics [21], anti-inflammatory drugs [18], and psychotropic drugs [22].…”