Carrier-Free Cross-linked Laccase Crystals for Biocatalytic Degradation of Textile Industrial Effluents

Applications and immobilization strategies of the copper-centred laccase enzyme; a review

“…And since the molecular weight of the crosslinking agent is negligible in relation that of the enzyme, the biocatalyst can essentially comprise of 100 % active enzyme [ 147 ]. Therefore, the immobilized enzyme exhibits operational stability and reusability with efficiencies close to those of the free enzyme [ 103 , 438 ].…”

“…Crosslinked enzyme crystal (CLECs) are prepared by controlled precipitation of enzymes into micro crystals followed by crosslinking using bifunctional reagents to form strong covalent bonds between amino groups of lysine residues within and between the enzyme molecules [ 32 , 438 ]. The protein in CLECs are stabilized by links in the three-dimensional structure unlike immobilization on a support in which the enzyme is linked to the support by multi-point attachment to a two dimensional solid surface [ 309 ].…”

Functionalized polyacrylonitrile particles as a promising support for the immobilization of laccase fromTrametes versicolor

“…1 In practical terms, laccases can be used in several applications since their catalytic site can convert highly recalcitrant compounds into possibly smaller and less toxic molecules, 2 such as decolorizing synthetic dyes, removing drugs and emerging contaminants, treating aromatic compounds, and detoxifying wastewater. [3][4][5] Although they generally have low energy costs and low environmental impact due to the application of mild operating conditions, enzymatic processes can become expensive due to the high cost of some enzymes available on the market. The use of supports for immobilization leads to the reuse of these enzymes, and this ends up making the process cheaper.…”

“…In this scenario, laccases stand out for their mechanism of action; that is, they directly use the redox capacity of cupric ions present in their active site to catalyze the oxidation of several phenolic compounds with the simultaneous reduction of four electrons from O 2 to H 2 O 1 . In practical terms, laccases can be used in several applications since their catalytic site can convert highly recalcitrant compounds into possibly smaller and less toxic molecules, 2 such as decolorizing synthetic dyes, removing drugs and emerging contaminants, treating aromatic compounds, and detoxifying wastewater 3–5 …”

Enhancement of photocatalytic efficacy by exploiting copper doping in nano-hydroxyapatite for degradation of Congo red dye

“…A number of processes/techniques are applied to get rid of hazardous textile effluent (dyes) such as electro-peroxone, 30 precipitation, membrane filtration, flotation, adsorption, coagulation, electro-coagulation, ion exchange, 31 photocatalysis, irradiation, 32 haloalkaliphilic bacterial consortium, 33 electro-coagulation and electro-Fenton, 34 Fenton and photo-Fenton processes, 35 biocatalytic treatment, 36 etc. All the processes described here have inherent advantages and disadvantages and are chosen based on feasibility study.…”