Carriage and Subtypes of Foodborne Pathogens Identified in Wild Birds Residing near Agricultural Lands in California: a Repeated Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Current California agricultural practices strive to comanage food safety and habitat conservation on farmland. However, the ecology of foodborne pathogens in wild bird populations, especially those avian species residing in proximity to fresh produce production fields, is not fully understood. In this repeated cross-sectional study, avifauna within agricultural lands in California were sampled over 1 year. Feces, oral swabs, and foot/feather swabs were cultured for zoonotic Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli O157:H7, and non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) and characterized by serotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Of 60 avian species sampled, 8 species (13.3%, bird groups of sparrows, icterids, geese, wrens, and kinglets) were positive for at least one of these foodborne pathogens. At the individual bird level, the detection of foodborne pathogens was infrequent in feces (n = 583; 0.5% Salmonella, 0.34% E. coli O157:H7, and 0.5% non-O157 STEC) and in feet/feathers (n = 401; 0.5% non-O157 STEC), and it was absent from oral swabs (n = 353). Several subtypes of public health importance were identified, including Salmonella enterica serotype Newport, E. coli O157:H7, and STEC serogroups O103 and O26. In late summer and autumn, the same STEC subtype was episodically found in several individuals of the same and different avian species, suggesting a common source of contamination in the environment. Sympatric free-range cattle shared subtypes of STEC O26 and O163 with wild geese. A limited rate of positive detection in wild birds provides insights into broad risk profile for contamination considerations but cannot preclude or predict risk on an individual farm. IMPORTANCE The shedding dynamics of foodborne pathogens by wild birds on farmland are not well characterized. This yearlong study sampled wild birds for foodborne pathogens within agricultural lands in northern California. There was a low prevalence of Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli O157:H7, and non-O157 Shiga-toxin producing E. coli (prevalence, 0.34% to 0.50%) identified in bird populations in this study. However, pathogens of public health importance (such as Salmonella Newport, E. coli O157:H7, and STEC O103 and O26) were identified in fecal samples, and two birds carried STEC on their feet or feathers. Identical pathogen strains were shared episodically among birds and between wild geese and free-range cattle. This result suggests a common source of contamination in the environment and potential transmission between species. These findings can be used to assess the risk posed by bird intrusions in produce fields and enhance policy decisions toward the comanagement of food safety and farmland habitat conservation.

Epidemiological investigation of recurrent outbreaks of haemolytic uraemic syndrome caused by Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coliserotype O55:H7 in England, 2014–2018

“…During the initial investigations in Dorset in 2014 and 2015, all the cases were infected with isolates of STEC O55:H7 that were closely related and fell within a 5-SNP single linkage cluster. We hypothesised that the strain was imported from outside the UK, possibly by wild birds, with persistence in the local environment driven by small mammals and/or birds acting as transient vectors, with transmission to humans occurring via contact with the contaminated environment or via household pets [25][26][27][28][29]. Exhaustive food and environmental investigation failed to confirm or to disprove this hypothesis, and so it remains a plausible explanation for the emergence of this strain.…”

The under-investigated wild side ofEscherichia coli: genetic diversity, pathogenicity and antimicrobial resistance in wild animals

“…Increasingly more studies reveal similarly high levels of AMR in E. coli from both livestock and sympatric wildlife, indicating directional transmission [ 39 , 72 , 73 ]. Common pathogenic forms of E. coli were found in both wild birds and sympatric free-range cattle and wild geese in California, suggesting either a common environmental source of contamination or potential transmission between species [ 74 ]. AMR E. coli were significantly more prevalent in wild rodents in high livestock density areas than any other environment investigated by Guenther et al .…”

Assessing the Food Safety Risk Posed by Birds Entering Leafy Greens Fields in the US Southwest

“…This also coincided with the unusual higher temperatures in the Sonoran desert during the fall season of the study. The early migration of waterfowl may result in birds searching for water and food in different scenarios, which may pose different risks including supplemental feeding in areas more exposed to pathogens including livestock and urban areas [ 35 , 36 ]. Additionally, when birds carry pathogens and defecate in warmer waters, the chances for the survival of pathogens in the water increases [ 25 ].…”