Carotid sinus reflexes during postural changes, naturally elicited fighting behaviour, and phases of sleep in the cat

Bo, Alberto Del; Baccelli, G; Cellina, G; Fea, F; Ferrari, Alberto; Zanchetti, Alberto

doi:10.1093/cvr/19.12.762

Cited by 25 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…In a more recent study (Del Bo, Baccelli, Cellina, Fea, Ferrari & Zanchetti 1985) we considered a wider repertoire of behaviors and found that the problem is even more complex, but the central commands and the reflexes are still both at work and strictly integrated during the various behaviors: in particular, the modulation of carotid sinus reflexes during emotional behavior may be a dynamic phenomenon, with an inhibition occurring at the very beginning of fighting and then decreasing afterwards, so that the reflex response does not seem to be affected by the behavior when tested during prolonged emotional behavior. Furthermore, desynchronized sleep has been found to be accompanied by unique changes in the reflex responses of heart rate and blood pressure to manipulation of the carotid sinus receptors: the reflex responses to carotid sinus stimulation were preserved while the reflex responses to carotid sinus deactivation, both of heart rate and of blood pressure, were found reduced in comparison to quiet wakefulness.…”

Section: Central Command and Reflex Regulation: Cardiovascular Pattermentioning

confidence: 95%

An essay on the circulation as behavior

Engel

1986

Behav Brain Sci

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Most conceptual models of the organization of the cardiovascular system begin with the premise that the nervous system regulates the metabolic and nonmetabolic reflex adjustments of the circulation. These models assume that all the neurally mediated responses of the circulation are reactive, i.e., reflexes elicited by adequate stimuli. This target article suggests that the responses of the circulation are conditional in three senses. First, as Sherrington argued, reflexes are conditional in that they never operate in a vacuum but in a context together with other reflexes. Guided by functional utility, they interact rather than add. Second, as Pavlov argued, stimuli acquire meanings as a result of experience. This notion of stimulus effect plus the Sherringtonian notion of conditionality suggest that association is one of the ways stimuli eliciting cardiovascular reflexes acquire their meanings and thus their relative strengths. Finally, as Skinner and others have argued, operants are responses that act upon the environment to obtain consequences – that is, stimuli. As operants, cardiovascular responses fulfill a major biological need, functioning proactively. The cardiovascular response is an integral component of the animal's behavior regardless of whether it is an elicited reflex or the eliciting stimulus acquired its properties as a result of the genetic inheritance of the animal or through experience, or the cardiovascular response is emitted in anticipation of an environmental consequence. The main theses of this essay are: (1) behavior is an integrated set of responses and the circulation is one of the response systems comprising behavior; (2) behavior is, in part, determined by its functional significance within a context; (3) the contextual factors operative at the time of the behavior have a major role in determining which of the set of possible responses will determine the final act, that is, which behavior will be the effective response and which other behaviors will be concomitants.

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Section: Central Command and Reflex Regulation: Cardiovascular Pattermentioning

confidence: 95%

An essay on the circulation as behavior

Engel

1986

Behav Brain Sci

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“…Finally, the baroreflex control of vasculature and heart rhythm is still effective during NREM sleep in human subjects (see Silvani and Lenzi, 2005). In cats (Del Bo et al, 1985), lambs (Horne et al, 1991) and rats Zoccoli et al, 2001), the baroreflex gain (response to stimulus ratio) shows no substantial difference with respect to wakefulness. Muscle sympathetic nerve activity decreases in humans (Somers et al, 1993) and renal sympathetic nerve activity in rats correlates positively with the decreased arterial pressure (Miki et al, 2003).…”

Section: Nrem Sleepmentioning

confidence: 99%