Carotid artery wall properties in normotensive and borderline hypertensive subjects of various ages

Merode, Tiny van; Hick, P.; Hoeks, Arnold P.G.; Rahn, K. H.; Reneman, Robert S.

doi:10.1016/0301-5629(88)90122-6

Cited by 74 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Previously reported results show that even in borderline hypertensive subjects there is a decrease in elastic arterial properties. 23 In our study the effects of aging were similar in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. However, larger population studies are needed to determine whether the effects of aging and blood pressure levels are similar in normotensive and hypertensive subjects.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

Arterial alterations with aging and high blood pressure. A noninvasive study of carotid and femoral arteries.

Bénétos

Laurent

Hoeks

et al. 1993

Arterioscler Thromb

514

325

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Noninvasive in situ evaluations of pulsatile changes of blood pressure and arterial diameter were performed at the sites of the common carotid and femoral arteries in a population of 78 untreated normotensive and hypertensive subjects. Arterial segments were studied by using an original echotracking technique for internal diameter and validated applanation tonometry for local pulse pressure measurements. Whereas mean arterial pressure is known to be identical in all parts of the arterial tree, pulse pressure was significantly lower in the carotid (52.7±2.2 mm Hg) than in the brachial (62.0±2.0 mm Hg) or femoral (62.5 ±2.5 mm Hg) arteries. Despite a higher pulse pressure and diastolic diameter, the femoral artery had a lower pulsatile change in diameter (3.47±0.18% versus 6.07+0.28%; p<0.0001) and distensibility coefficient (9.36±0.58 versus 21.60+1.75 xlO" 3 kPa" 1 ) than the carotid artery. Local cross-sectional compliance of the carotid artery was higher than that of the femoral artery (7.42±0.46 versus 6.20±0.28 m 2 • kPa" 1 • 10~7;p<0.05). Whereas age was strongly correlated with arterial parameters at the site of the carotid artery (pulse pressure: r=0.54, p<0.0001; pulsatile change in arterial diameter: r=-0.62, p<0.0001; distensibility coefficient: r=-0.70, p<0.0001), no significant correlation was observed at the femoral artery. Mean blood pressure was the second factor of carotid artery alterations: the higher the mean blood pressure, the lower the distensibility of this artery (r= -0.36, p<0.01). Since no atherosclerotic lesions were detected in the studied subjects, it is suggested that, for the same mean arterial pressure 1) the common carotid artery is exposed to lower pulse pressure than the common femoral artery, 2) the common carotid artery is a highly compliant artery with a strong alteration of its viscoelastic properties with age, and 3) the common femoral artery has smaller mechanical "buffering" properties than the carotid artery, with little influence by aging. This study provides evidence that the effects of aging and elevated blood pressure differ substantially in the different portions of the arterial tree. (Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis 1993;13:90-97) KEY WORDS • pulsatile changes of arterial diameter • pulsatile changes of blood pressure • echo-tracking techniques • tonometry • hypertension • aging A Iterations of large arteries are a major factor of /\ cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. 1 Ag-X JL. ing, hypertension, and other risk factors such as diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and smoking can alter i:he structural and functional properties of the arterial wall. The principal changes that occur with aging are arterial dilation, increase in wall thickness, and decrease in elasticity and compliance. 2 It is well known that large arteries have not only a conduit but also a "buffering" function. 3 Because of their distensibility, they can dampen the pulsatile systolic output of the ventricle. Indeed, after left ventricular ejection has distended the aorta and its larger branches and ...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

Arterial alterations with aging and high blood pressure. A noninvasive study of carotid and femoral arteries.

Bénétos

Laurent

Hoeks

et al. 1993

Arterioscler Thromb

514

325

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…V ascular aging is associated with different principal structural and functional changes; ie, intima-media thickening, 1,2 arterial dilation, 3,4 and the deterioration of elastic wall properties with vascular stiffening [5][6][7] belong to this process. Each of these has an impact on vascular blood flow and the local and/or systemic hemodynamics interact with the structure and function of the artery.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural, Functional, and Hemodynamic Changes of the Common Carotid Artery With Age in Male Subjects

Schmidt‐Trucksäss

Grathwohl

Schmid

et al. 1999

ATVB

122

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Abstract-Aging of the common carotid artery (CCA) is associated with different principal structural, functional, and hemodynamic changes, which are often influenced by several atherosclerotic risk factors, so that it is difficult to estimate the exclusive effect of aging on this process. Studies dealing with vascular aging of the CCA usually assess only single, dimensional, or functional parameters, although it is likely that there are interactions and probably differences between them. Moreover, regional vascular blood flow characteristics are often not taken into consideration. Therefore, the aim of the study was to assess the age-related multiparametric changes of the CCA properties with ultrasound in 69 male subjects between the ages of 16 and 75 (42.4Ϯ16.5 years), who were screened for the absence of major atherosclerotic risk factors or existing vascular disease. As a result, the intima media thickness (0.052 mm/10 y) and diastolic diameter (0.17 mm/10 y) increased nearly linearly with age (rϭ0. 60, PϽ0.001; and rϭ0.46, PϽ0.001, respectively). The absolute diastolic/systolic diameter change diminished by 0.10 mm/10 y (rϭϪ0.73, PϽ0.001) and peak expansion velocity dropped by 0.12 cm/s per 10 years (rϭϪ0.62, PϽ0.001) highly significantly with age. The peak blood flow velocity decreased continuously with age (rϭϪ0.67, PϽ0.00) by 9.3 cm/s per 10 years. According to multiple regression analysis, peak blood flow velocity seems to reflect the changes of several structural and functional parameters in one; intima-media thickness was determined by diastolic arterial diameter and age as independent variables. The data indicate that a multiparametric assessment may contribute to a better understanding of vascular aging and might be the basis for further studies to evaluate the association of atherosclerotic risk factors and/or major vascular disease with local changes in the CCA. Key Words: carotid artery Ⅲ aging Ⅲ arterial stiffness Ⅲ ultrasound V ascular aging is associated with different principal structural and functional changes; ie, intima-media thickening, 1,2 arterial dilation, 3,4 and the deterioration of elastic wall properties with vascular stiffening 5-7 belong to this process. Each of these has an impact on vascular blood flow and the local and/or systemic hemodynamics interact with the structure and function of the artery. For example, both the elevation of blood pressure and stroke volume increase the wall shear rate and may thus lead to a midterm increase in the thickness of the intima-media 8 or structural adaptation in the form of a greater vascular diameter. 9 Although these interactions are known, very few studies take all these structural, functional, and hemodynamic parameters into consideration, which might be of interest to enable a better understanding of the relation of aging to the named arterial changes. Furthermore, only little data exist on the differences in the progression of these alterations.It is well known that atherosclerotic risk factors such as a high cholesterol level, hyperten...

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“…In the last 10 years, hyperhomocysteinemia has also been recognized as a risk factor for thromboembolism and atherosclerosis. [1][2][3][4] Arterial intima-media thickness (IMT) and functional vessel wall properties, like distensibility and compliance, of superficial arteries (carotid and femoral) [5][6][7][8][9][10][11] can be evaluated by high-resolution Band M-mode ultrasound and are associated with the presence of atherosclerotic disease elsewhere. [5][6][7] Because various risk factors may affect the arterial wall to a different extent, it is of interest to explore whether the changes can be measured by these noninvasive ultrasound techniques in patients with different cardiovascular risk factors to monitor either progression or regression of vessel wall damage.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…20 Patients with hypertension demonstrate increases in IMT, 21 and even in borderline hypertension, the distensibility and compliance of the common carotid artery are diminished. 11 Smoking is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease, which may affect both IMT and arterial wall stiffness. 22,23 The aim of the current study was to assess the contribution of different risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and smoking, with special emphasis on severe and mild hyperhomocysteinemia, to the variation in IMT, distensibility, and compliance.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Carotid and Femoral Artery Wall Thickness and Stiffness in Patients at Risk for Cardiovascular Disease, With Special Emphasis on Hyperhomocysteinemia

Smilde

Berkmortel

Boers

et al. 1998

ATVB

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Abstract-Recent developments in ultrasound technology enable the noninvasive measurement of structural and functional vessel wall changes. Until now, the effect of homocysteine on the arterial wall has remained unclear: reports on intima-media thickness (IMT) yield conflicting results, whereas data on vessel wall stiffness are lacking. Because several cardiovascular risk factors result in an increased IMT or stiffness, different groups at risk for atherosclerotic disease, with special emphasis on hyperhomocysteinemia, were studied. Nineteen patients homozygous and 14 subjects heterozygous for cystathionine ␤-synthase (CBS) deficiency, 21 patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), 15 patients with essential hypertension, 20 smokers, and 28 control subjects were studied. The IMT values (both right and left) of the common carotid artery (CCA), bulb (BUL), internal carotid artery (ICA), and common femoral artery (CFA) were measured in millimeters by high-resolution ultrasound (Biosound). The distensibility (DC, in 10 Ϫ3 ⅐ kPa Ϫ1) and compliance (CC in mm 2 ⅐ kPa Ϫ1) coefficients of the CCA (right and left) and CFA (right) were determined by a wall track system (Pie Medical). The mean IMT of the posterior wall in the CCA was 0.70Ϯ0.09 mm in healthy controls. For patients with vascular disease, FH, and hypertension and in smokers, the mean CCA IMT was larger, whereas no major differences in IMT were observed in patients either homozygous or heterozygous for CBS deficiency. The DC and CC in the right CCA were 23.5Ϯ6.9 (10 Ϫ3 ⅐ kPa Ϫ1) and 0.9Ϯ0.3 (mm 2 ⅐ kPa Ϫ1 ) in healthy subjects, slightly lower in patients homozygous for CBS deficiency, and clearly lower in patients with vascular disease, FH, and hypertension. No positive correlation was found between plasma homocysteine level and either IMT, CC, or DC. Because smoking was a confounder in each risk group, a stepwise regression analysis was carried out to assess the contribution of each risk factor on IMT and arterial wall stiffness. Age explained most of the variation in IMT of the CCA (coefficient of determination R 2 of 0.34), whereas R 2 values for serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol, smoking (pack-years), and systolic blood pressure were 0.08, 0.07, and 0.06, respectively. Homocysteine did not contribute to variation in IMT in both the CCA and CFA. Age and smoking contributed to the variation in IMT in the CFA. The variation in DC and CC in the right CCA and right CFA could in part be explained by age, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and blood pressure. Plasma homocysteine concentration explained only a small proportion of the variation in DC in the CCA (R 2 ϭ0.02) and in CC in the CFA (R 2 ϭ0.04). In this study, no relationship was found between homocysteine level and the thickness of the arterial wall, with only a marginal influence on stiffness.

show abstract

Carotid artery wall properties in normotensive and borderline hypertensive subjects of various ages

Cited by 74 publications

References 19 publications

Arterial alterations with aging and high blood pressure. A noninvasive study of carotid and femoral arteries.

Arterial alterations with aging and high blood pressure. A noninvasive study of carotid and femoral arteries.

Structural, Functional, and Hemodynamic Changes of the Common Carotid Artery With Age in Male Subjects

Carotid and Femoral Artery Wall Thickness and Stiffness in Patients at Risk for Cardiovascular Disease, With Special Emphasis on Hyperhomocysteinemia

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