Carotid and femoral atherosclerosis in antiphospholipid syndrome: Equivalent risk with diabetes mellitus in a case–control study

Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Show an Increased Arterial Stiffness That is Predicted by IgM Anti–β2‐Glycoprotein I and Small Dense High‐Density Lipoprotein Particles

“…The association that we have described between small dense HDL particles and arterial stiffness is in accordance with the results of a previous study that indicated a proatherosclerotic and proinflammatory function of HDL in SLE patients (50). HDLs contain proteins involved in the innate immune system as part of the complement system (32).…”

“…We found the association in the multivariate analysis between aPL compared with IgM antiβ 2 GPI and the AIx to be of particular interest. Although the association between aPL and the risk of thrombosis was evident, the association between increased carotid IMT and arterial stiffness has not been well established (39,50). It is necessary to validate these findings in a larger cohort of patients in order to confirm these results.…”

“…Although the association between aPL and the risk of thrombosis was evident, the association between increased carotid IMT and arterial stiffness has not been well established (39,50). Although the association between aPL and the risk of thrombosis was evident, the association between increased carotid IMT and arterial stiffness has not been well established (39,50).…”

A Rare Case of Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome: A Case Report and Review of Traditional Cardiovascular Risk Factors Implicated in Disease Occurrence

“…Overall, there was a higher incidence of plaques detected in the carotid and femoral arteries of primary and secondary APS patients (28% and 30%, respectively), compared to controls (9%) [6]. A study by Souza et al demonstrated a strong association between hypertension and the presence of arterial thrombotic events in patients with APS.…”

Cardiac Manifestations of Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Clinical Presentation, Role of Cardiac Imaging, and Treatment Strategies

“…These data are consistent with a study showing that APS subjects have a nearly 2.5-fold risk of atherosclerotic plaques in carotid and femoral arteries compared to healthy controls, with an overall atherosclerotic burden comparable to that of diabetic patients. 82 Of interest, an association between asymptomatic aPL positivity and arterial event has also been suggested, 83 and a recent investigation demonstrated a significantly higher IMT of common carotid artery and carotid bifurcation and higher prevalence of carotid plaques in both aPL carriers and APS subjects than in controls (►Fig. 3).…”