Carotenoid metabolism at the intestinal barrier

Lintig, Johannes von; Moon, Jean; Lee, Joon; Ramkumar, Srinivasagan

doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.158580

Cited by 79 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 283 publications

(488 reference statements)

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“…Moreover, a higher level of serum carotenoids has been associated with a reduced risk of developing NAFLD. Although rodents do not accumulate xanthophylls due to the high activity of BCO2 [ 9 ], a protective effect of zeaxanthin (free or esterified) against ethanol induced hepatic damage in animal models (rats, mice) and in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (gerbils) was indicated in several studies reviewed by Murillo et al [ 116 ].…”

Section: Zeaxanthin and Health Related Benefitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The chylomicrons produced in the enterocytes and secreted into lymph are further processed by lipoprotein lipase in peripheral tissues, enter as chylomicron remnants into the bloodstream and are then transferred to the liver. Carotenoids are partially stored in the liver or packaged and secreted into circulation as very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), which in turn can be processed to low-density lipoproteins (LDL) [ 8 , 9 ]. Zeaxanthin can be secreted directly from the enterocytes within the small intestine-derived high-density lipoprotein (HDL) [ 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Contrarily to carotenes, which are primarily transported by LDL, more than 40% of the circulating zeaxanthin in the fasting state is found in the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) fraction [ 11 ]. Depending on their lipoprotein circulating form, carotenoids are taken up by peripheral cells through protein (SR-BI, CD36)-mediated processes or through LDL receptor-mediated endocytosis [ 9 ]. Despite the relatively low blood level of lutein (0.1–1.44 μmol/L in USA; 0.26–0.70 μmol/L in Europe) and especially of zeaxanthin (0.07–0.17 μmol/L in USA; 0.05–0.13 μmol/L in Europe), human retina accumulates high amounts of carotenoids (lutein, zeaxanthin and meso -zeaxanthin) in the macula, reaching as much as 1 mM [ 12 , 13 , 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Brief Overview of Dietary Zeaxanthin Occurrence and Bioaccessibility

Tudor

Pintea

2020

Molecules

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As it exhibits no provitamin A activity, the dietary intake of zeaxanthin is not considered essential. However, its contribution to ocular health has long been acknowledged. Numerous publications emphasize the importance of zeaxanthin alongside lutein in ocular diseases such as cataracts and age-related macular degeneration which constitute an important health concern, especially among the elderly. Considering that the average dietary ratio of lutein to zeaxanthin favors the first, more bioaccessible food sources of zeaxanthin that can hinder the development and progression of the above-mentioned disorders are of great interest. In this paper, a brief overview of the more recent state of knowledge as regards dietary sources together with their respective zeaxanthin bioaccessibility assessed through a standardized in vitro digestion method was provided.

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Section: Zeaxanthin and Health Related Benefitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Brief Overview of Dietary Zeaxanthin Occurrence and Bioaccessibility

Tudor

Pintea

2020

Molecules

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“…Carotenoids must be acquired from the diet within the intestine and are distributed in lipoproteins to target tissues (11,12). Genetic studies in animals identified candidate genes that affect tissue distribution and accumulation of carotenoids, such as class B scavenger receptors for cellular uptake of carotenoids (13,14), cellular carotenoid binding proteins (15,16), and carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs) 5 (17)(18)(19).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The establishment of such recommendations is based on the relationships between carotenoid intake, blood, and tissue concentrations. This relation is not linear and is influenced by many host and environmental factors (11,39). Additionally, excessive accumulation of carotenoids is a risk factor for detrimental health outcomes in smokers in clinical studies (40,41).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The human mitochondrial enzyme BCO2 exhibits catalytic activity toward carotenoids and apocarotenoids

Thomas

Bandara

Parmar

et al. 2020

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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The enzyme β-carotene-oxygenase 2 (BCO2) converts carotenoids into more polar metabolites. Studies in mammals, fish and birds revealed that BCO2 controls carotenoid homeostasis and is involved in the pathway for vitamin A production. However, it is controversial whether BCO2 function is conserved in humans, owing to a four amino acid long insertion caused by a splice acceptor site polymorphism. We here show that human BCO2 splice variants, BCO2a and BCO2b, are expressed as pre-proteins with mitochondrial targeting sequence (MTS). The MTS of BCO2a directed a green fluorescent reporter protein to the mitochondria when expressed in ARPE-19 cells. Removal of the MTS increased solubility of BCO2a when expressed in E. coli and rendered the recombinant protein enzymatically active. The expression of the enzymatically active recombinant human BCO2a was further improved by codon optimization and its fusion with maltose-binding protein. Introduction of the four amino acid insertion into mouse Bco2 did not impede the chimeric enzyme’s catalytic proficiency. We further showed that the chimeric BCO2 displayed broad substrate specificity and converted carotenoids into two ionones and a central C14-apocarotendial by oxidative cleavage reactions at C9,C10 and C9’,C10’. Thus, our study demonstrate that human BCO2 is a catalytically competent enzyme. Consequently, information on BCO2 becomes broadly applicable in human biology with important implications for the physiology of the eyes and other tissues.

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Aster la vista: Unraveling the biochemical basis of carotenoid homeostasis in the human retina

Bandara

Lintig

2022

BioEssays

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Carotenoids play pivotal roles in vision as light filters and precursor of chromophore.Many vertebrates also display the colorful pigments as ornaments in bare skin parts and feathers. Proteins involved in the transport and metabolism of these lipids have been identified including class B scavenger receptors and carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases. Recent research implicates members of the Aster protein family, also known as GRAM domain-containing (GRAMD), in carotenoid metabolism. These multi-domain proteins facilitate the intracellular movement of carotenoids from their site of cellular uptake by scavenger receptors to the site of their metabolic processing by carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases. We provide a model how the coordinated interplay of these proteins and their differential expression establishes carotenoid distribution patterns and function in tissues, with particular emphasis on the human retina.

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Carotenoid metabolism at the intestinal barrier

Cited by 79 publications

References 283 publications

A Brief Overview of Dietary Zeaxanthin Occurrence and Bioaccessibility

A Brief Overview of Dietary Zeaxanthin Occurrence and Bioaccessibility

The human mitochondrial enzyme BCO2 exhibits catalytic activity toward carotenoids and apocarotenoids

Aster la vista: Unraveling the biochemical basis of carotenoid homeostasis in the human retina

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