2012
DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.111.014415
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Carotenoid intakes and risk of breast cancer defined by estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor status: a pooled analysis of 18 prospective cohort studies

Abstract: Background: Epidemiologic studies examining associations between carotenoid intakes and risk of breast cancer by estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) status are limited. Objective: We investigated these associations in a pooled analysis of 18 cohort studies. Design: Of 1,028,438 participants followed for a maximum followup of 26 y across studies, 33,380 incident invasive breast cancers were identified. Study-specific RRs and 95% CIs were estimated by using Cox proportional hazards regression a… Show more

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Cited by 97 publications
(63 citation statements)
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References 70 publications
(68 reference statements)
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“…The quality of the shell is affected by several factors, such as illness, nutritional status of the flock, heat stress, and bird age (ROBERTS, 2004). According to reports, lutein and zeaxanthin, carotenoids present in marigold extract, inhibit the estrogenic activity in several tissues (HIRSCH et al, 2007;ZHANG et al, 2012); this is probably the reason for the lower percentage and thickness of the eggshell. The shell consists mainly of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ).…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The quality of the shell is affected by several factors, such as illness, nutritional status of the flock, heat stress, and bird age (ROBERTS, 2004). According to reports, lutein and zeaxanthin, carotenoids present in marigold extract, inhibit the estrogenic activity in several tissues (HIRSCH et al, 2007;ZHANG et al, 2012); this is probably the reason for the lower percentage and thickness of the eggshell. The shell consists mainly of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ).…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Our findings align with recent pooled studies andmeta-analyses suggestinganinverse association between dietary intake/ circulating levels of b-carotene and breast cancer risk in adult women. [2][3][4][5] In the 2 existing pooled analyses, both blood levels and dietary intake of a-carotene and lutein/zeaxanthin were also inversely associated with breast cancer risk, particularly risk of ERnegative breast cancer. The highest intakes (top quartile) of these nutrients were associated with lower risk of BBD in this study, although the associations did not reach statistical significance.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…3,4 A pooled analysis of 18 prospective cohort studies found that women with higher intakes of a-carotene, b-carotene, and lutein/zeaxanthin had a lower risk of estrogen receptor (ER)-negative but not ER-positive breast cancer. 5 Carotenoids may also reduce risk of developing benign breast disease (BBD), a groupofbreastlesions thatcan develop during adolescence and young adulthood and are associated with higher risk of breast cancer. 6 During adolescence, especially in the period between menarche and first birth, breast tissue may be particularly sensitive to environmental exposures because cells are not yet fully differentiated.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Based on the results from a recent meta-analysis of prospective studies, dietary carotenoids, especially, β-carotene strongly associated with reduced breast cancer risk . Intakes of α-carotene, β-carotene, and lutein/ zeaxanthin also were inversely associated with the risk of negative estrogen receptor (ER-) breast cancer (Zhang et al, 2012). Based on the results of new meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies, dietary intakes of flavonols, flavones and flavan-3-ols is associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer, especially among post-menopausal women (Hui et al, 2013).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%