Carnot Battery development: A review on system performance, applications and commercial state-of-the-art

Vecchi, Andrea; Knobloch, Kai; Liang, Ting; Kildahl, Harriet; Sciacovelli, Adriano; Engelbrecht, Kurt; Li, Yongliang; Ding, Yulong

doi:10.1016/j.est.2022.105782

Cited by 46 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 103 publications

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“…The energy density of the presented systems is low compared with other PTES systems. The review by Vecchi et al 64 shows other studies reaching values of up to 110 kWh m − 3 . The energy densities achieved here are relatively low because, on the one hand, there are no large temperature differences in the hot TES and, on the other hand, the efficiencies of the discharge processes are low.…”

Section: Discussion Of the Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of low‐temperature pumped thermal energy storage systems based on a transcritical CO₂ charging process

Bodner

Koksharov

Dammel

et al. 2023

Energy Science & Engineering

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Pumped thermal energy storage (PTES) is a technology for intermediate storage of electrical energy in the form of thermal energy. In this work, PTES systems based on a transcritical CO2 charging process are investigated. A two‐zone water storage tank with a storage temperature of 115°C is used as thermal energy storage. For discharge, an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) and, alternatively, a transcritical CO2 heat engine are investigated. The considered concepts are modelled and simulated as stationary processes using the EBSILON Professional software. The scaling is based on an electrical input power of 5 MW. Using an ORC with the working fluid R1234yf for the discharging process results in the highest round‐trip efficiency of 36.8%. The component costs of the different configurations are estimated using cost functions. On the basis of this, the levelized cost of storage (LCOS) is calculated. The configuration with the ORC as the discharging process has the lowest LCOS of 59.2 €cents (kWh)−1. In addition, the technological maturity is determined using the technology readiness level scale. There are no prototypes of the investigated PTES systems yet. Therefore, further investigations must be carried out to implement the technology in the future.

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Section: Discussion Of the Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of low‐temperature pumped thermal energy storage systems based on a transcritical CO₂ charging process

Bodner

Koksharov

Dammel

et al. 2023

Energy Science & Engineering

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“…Dumont et al summarized and reported the RtE of various Carnot battery technologies ranged from 12 to 55% (electric heater and Rankine cycle), 30–73% (heat pump and Rankine cycle), and 70–150% (heat integrated heat pump and Rankine cycle). Vecchi et al reported that the average RtE values for pumped-thermal energy storage (PTES) were 61.6% (PTES with Brayton cycle) and 52.8% (PTES with Rankine cycle). The efficiencies of this study are lower than those of other related studies.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this study, the authors focused on Carnot batteries. The Carnot batteries are devices that store renewable electricity in the form of heat when the surplus electricity is generated, and then, discharged for reconversion of the stored heat into electricity when the electricity demand is high. − Though the energy efficiency is lower than that of secondary batteries due to the lower exergy conversion efficiency from heat to electricity during discharge, it is considered to be suitable for large-scale operation due to its low capital cost, relatively large-scale storage capacity, and environmental friendliness . In addition, if precious metals and materials are not used in heat storage media, it will be advantageous in terms of resource constraints.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Efficiency and Techno-Economic Analysis of a Thermochemical Energy Storage System by Using a Fluidized Bed Reactor Integrated with a Steam Rankine Cycle of a Biomass Power Plant

Yasui,

Aoki,

Uchino

et al. 2023

ACS Eng. Au

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A thermochemical heat storage system using Ca(OH)2/CaO in a fluidized bed reactor (FBR) is integrated with a biomass power plant of a steam Rankine cycle (SRC) as one of the Carnot battery systems that are expected to provide renewable electricity highly flexibly. This study utilizes the proposed fluidized bed model under the nonsteady state operation to evaluate the energy efficiency and cost by varying the fluidized bed configuration and the power generation capacities. In addition, the performances of the SRC and those of the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) were compared, and the fuel cost reduction by the biomass savings was considered. The levelized cost of storage (LCOS) of the SRC in the base case (6.25 MWe, bed volume = 100 m3, bed height/diameter ratio = 4, FBR inlet gas velocity = 0.087 m/s) was 0.804 and 0.197 USD/kWhe when the charging electricity cost was 0.100 and 0 USD/kWhe, respectively. The charging electricity cost has a dominant effect on the LCOS. The stored energy efficiency and the round-trip efficiency were 58.2 and 13.7% (without biomass saving), respectively, and the net power generation was 1247.3 MWhe/year. The effect of fluidized bed volume, bed height/diameter ratio, and power generation capacity of the SRC has a slight influence on the energy efficiency and LCOS. However, the gas velocity in the FBR has a substantial influence on the net energy generation and LCOS. In the case that power generation capacity is 3 MWe and the charging electricity cost is 0 USD/kWhe, the LCOS is 0.204 USD/kWhe (SRC) and 0.520 USD/kWhe (ORC), respectively, indicating that SRC has a cost advantage for a 3 MWe-class power plant. This is because SRC has higher power generation efficiencies (24.3%) than that of the ORC (11.4%), generating more electricity from the stored heat. The effect of biomass saving on LCOS was 0.026–0.053 USD/kWhe (SRC) and 0.096 USD/kWhe (ORC). Increase of power generation efficiency and/or effective utilization of exhaust heat from the turbine is important to increase energy efficiency and decrease LCOS.

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“…In this case, we introduce a district heating (that may be extended to cooling) facility that provides heated water with a reasonable efficiency (95 %), comparable with existing boilers, with storage capacity if a sodium electrolytic section is added. In that case, a circular operation Na-Na(OH) will have a potential efficiency very similar with other Power-to-Heat or Power-to-Power storage technologies, as thermal storage, Carnot batteries [15] and better than electrolitic hydrogen (electrolyser-fuel cell combination, Power-to-Heat) [14]. Heat pumps offers as well a good solution to impove efficiency of district heating solutions depending on the ΔT that they should provide, with Coefficients of Performance (COP) between 3 and 5, but must add as well Power-to-Power energy storage to integrate energy management cost.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Analysis of Sodium Water Reaction as Heat Source for District Heating and Cooling

Velasco

Padrón²,

Álvaro

2023

36th International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization, Simulation and Environmental Impact of Energy Systems (ECOS 20

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Finding new alternatives to current energy systems is a need to develop disruptive solutions. In this case, a complete new approach the Sodium as energy resource is described. Tradicionally, Sodium has been considered a risky element even if it were proposed as coolant in many applications, as nuclear or solar thermal plants. Such applications has been concerned by the explosive reaction of alkali as Na with water. In this communication, we analysed the altenative of profiting of such highly exothermic reaction for an energy use. Previuosly , we analised the utilization of sodium as propellant, and next steps presented in this paper shows the proposal of a sodium-water based heater to feed heating and cooling networks. A tentative configuration for the design of such heater, and the heat exchangers to adapt heated water temperatures will be presented. We present the conceptual design of a 13.5 MW district heating plant for a ΔT = 10 o C heating water from 60 to 70 o C, consuming 1 kg/s Sodium, reaching an efficiency of 95%, comparable with existing boilers..

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Carnot Battery development: A review on system performance, applications and commercial state-of-the-art

Cited by 46 publications

References 103 publications

Analysis of low‐temperature pumped thermal energy storage systems based on a transcritical CO₂ charging process

Analysis of low‐temperature pumped thermal energy storage systems based on a transcritical CO₂ charging process

Energy Efficiency and Techno-Economic Analysis of a Thermochemical Energy Storage System by Using a Fluidized Bed Reactor Integrated with a Steam Rankine Cycle of a Biomass Power Plant

Analysis of Sodium Water Reaction as Heat Source for District Heating and Cooling

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Carnot Battery development: A review on system performance, applications and commercial state-of-the-art

Cited by 46 publications

References 103 publications

Analysis of low‐temperature pumped thermal energy storage systems based on a transcritical CO2 charging process

Analysis of low‐temperature pumped thermal energy storage systems based on a transcritical CO2 charging process

Energy Efficiency and Techno-Economic Analysis of a Thermochemical Energy Storage System by Using a Fluidized Bed Reactor Integrated with a Steam Rankine Cycle of a Biomass Power Plant

Analysis of Sodium Water Reaction as Heat Source for District Heating and Cooling

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Analysis of low‐temperature pumped thermal energy storage systems based on a transcritical CO₂ charging process

Analysis of low‐temperature pumped thermal energy storage systems based on a transcritical CO₂ charging process