Carnegie Supernova Project: Observations of Type IIn supernovae

Taddia, F.; Stritzinger, M. D.; Sollerman, J.; Phillips, M. M.; Anderson, J. P.; Boldt, Luis; Campillay, A.; Castellón, S.; Contreras, C.; Folatelli, G.; Hamuy, M.; Heinrich-Josties, E.; Krzemiński, W.; Morrell, N.; Burns, C. R.; Freedman, Wendy L.; Madore, Barry F.; Persson, S. E.; Suntzeff, Nicholas B.

doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321180

Cited by 203 publications

(240 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…The ecSN progenitors should be within the circumstellar medium (CSM) created by the super-AGB wind when they explode if they are single stars. In addition to the high mass-loss rates, the wind velocities of super-AGB stars are ∼10 km s −1 , making the CSM density as high as those expected for Type IIn SNe (SNe IIn) in which we see the effect of the CSM interaction in their observational properties (e.g., Kiewe et al 2012;Taddia et al 2013;Fransson et al 2013;Moriya et al 2014;see Sect. 2.1.2).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Electron-capture supernovae exploding within their progenitor wind

Moriya

Tominaga

Langer

et al. 2014

A&A

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The most massive stars on the asymptotic giant branch (AGB), or the so-called super-AGB stars, are thought to produce supernovae triggered by electron captures in their degenerate O+Ne+Mg cores. Super-AGB stars are expected to have slow winds with high mass-loss rates, so their circumstellar density is high. The explosions of super-AGB stars are therefore presumed to occur in this dense circumstellar environment. We provide the first synthetic light curves for such events by exploding realistic electron-capture supernova progenitors within their super-AGB winds. We find that the early light curve -that is, before the recombination wave reaches the bottom of the hydrogen-rich envelope of supernova ejecta (the plateau phase) -is not affected by the dense wind. However, after the luminosity drop following the plateau phase, the luminosity remains much higher when the super-AGB wind is taken into account. We compare our results to the historical light curve of SN 1054, the progenitor of the Crab Nebula, and show that the explosion of an electron-capture supernova within an ordinary super-AGB wind can explain the observed light curve features. We conclude that SN 1054 could have been a Type IIn supernova without any extra extreme mass loss, which was previously suggested to be necessary to account for its early high luminosity. We also show that our light curves match Type IIn supernovae with an early plateau phase or the so-called Type IIn-P supernovae, and suggest that they are electron-capture supernovae within super-AGB winds. Although some electron-capture supernovae can be bright in the optical spectral range due to the large progenitor radius, their X-ray luminosity from the interaction does not necessarily get as bright as other Type IIn supernovae whose optical luminosities are also powered by the interaction. Thus, we suggest that optically bright X-ray-faint Type IIn supernovae can emerge from electron-capture supernovae. Optically faint Type IIn supernovae, such as SN 2008S, can also originate from electron-capture supernovae if their hydrogen-rich envelope masses are small. We argue that some of them can be observed as Type IIn-b supernovae due to the small hydrogen-rich envelope mass.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Electron-capture supernovae exploding within their progenitor wind

Moriya

Tominaga

Langer

et al. 2014

A&A

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“…For instance, the inclusion of SNe known to be interacting with a dense circumstellar medium (e.g. SN 2008fq, Taddia et al 2013), but which have linearly declining light curves, could arguably be included in studies that consider the post-peak properties of type II-L SNe, but are likely to bias rise time estimates in ways not considered here.…”

Section: Rise Time Correlationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparative study of Type II-P and II-L supernova rise times as exemplified by the case of LSQ13cuw

Gáll

Polshaw

Kotak

et al. 2015

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We report on our findings based on the analysis of observations of the Type II-L supernova LSQ13cuw within the framework of currently accepted physical predictions of core-collapse supernova explosions. LSQ13cuw was discovered within a day of explosion, hitherto unprecedented for Type II-L supernovae. This motivated a comparative study of Type II-P and II-L supernovae with relatively well-constrained explosion epochs and rise times to maximum (optical) light. From our sample of twenty such events, we find evidence of a positive correlation between the duration of the rise and the peak brightness. On average, SNe II-L tend to have brighter peak magnitudes and longer rise times than SNe II-P. However, this difference is clearest only at the extreme ends of the rise time versus peak brightness relation. Using two different analytical models, we performed a parameter study to investigate the physical parameters that control the rise time behaviour. In general, the models qualitatively reproduce aspects of the observed trends. We find that the brightness of the optical peak increases for larger progenitor radii and explosion energies, and decreases for larger masses. The dependence of the rise time on mass and explosion energy is smaller than the dependence on the progenitor radius. We find no evidence that the progenitors of SNe II-L have significantly smaller radii than those of SNe II-P.

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“…The absolute magnitudes are usually reported in the r/R band since most SNe IIn have the best coverage in the red bands. The rapid colour evolution of SNe IIn makes the conversion to V band less straightforward (Taddia et al 2013). However, studies on individual SNe IIn suggest a (V − R) colour index of 0.05 ± 0.11 at post-max epochs and 0.46 ± 0.05 around maximum (Fassia et al 2000;Di Carlo et al 2002).…”

Section: Core-collapse Supernovae Behind a 1689mentioning

confidence: 99%

High-redshift supernova rates measured with the gravitational telescope A 1689

Petrushevska

Amanullah

Goobar

et al. 2016

A&A

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Aims. We present a ground-based, near-infrared search for lensed supernovae behind the massive cluster Abell 1689 at z = 0.18, which is one of the most powerful gravitational telescopes that nature provides. Methods. Our survey was based on multi-epoch J-band observations with the HAWK-I instrument on VLT, with supporting optical data from the Nordic Optical Telescope. Results. Our search resulted in the discovery of five photometrically classified, core-collapse supernovae with high redshifts of 0.671 < z < 1.703 and magnifications in the range ∆m = −0.31 to −1.58 mag, as calculated from lensing models in the literature. Owing to the power of the lensing cluster, the survey had the sensitivity to detect supernovae up to very high redshifts, z ∼ 3, albeit for a limited region of space. We present a study of the core-collapse supernova rates for 0.4 ≤ z < 2.9, and find good agreement with previous estimates and predictions from star formation history. During our survey, we also discovered two Type Ia supernovae in A 1689 cluster members, which allowed us to determine the cluster Ia rate to be 0.14,B yr −1 ), where the error bars indicate 1σ confidence intervals, statistical and systematic, respectively. The cluster rate normalized by the stellar mass is 0.10. Furthermore, we explore the optimal future survey for improving the core-collapse supernova rate measurements at z 2 using gravitational telescopes, and for detections with multiply lensed images, and we find that the planned WFIRST space mission has excellent prospects. Conclusions. Massive clusters can be used as gravitational telescopes to significantly expand the survey range of supernova searches, with important implications for the study of the high-z transient Universe.Key words. supernovae: general -gravitational lensing: strong -galaxies: star formation -galaxies: clusters

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Carnegie Supernova Project: Observations of Type IIn supernovae

Cited by 203 publications

References 77 publications

Electron-capture supernovae exploding within their progenitor wind

Electron-capture supernovae exploding within their progenitor wind

A comparative study of Type II-P and II-L supernova rise times as exemplified by the case of LSQ13cuw

High-redshift supernova rates measured with the gravitational telescope A 1689

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