Cariogenic Potential of Liquid Medications in Rats (Short Communication)

Greenwood, Mark; Feigal, Robert J.; Messer, Harold H.

doi:10.1159/000260801

Cited by 16 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 3 publications

(3 reference statements)

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“…Investigating the effect of programmed meals of a cariogenic diet and of sucrose and sorbitol solutions topically ap plied between meals on fissure caries in rats, Hefti [1980] observed the caries experience in the sorbitol group to be only insignificantly lower than in the su crose group. Similar findings were reported from car iogenicity studies of two liquid medications (one con taining 70% sucrose and the other 33% sorbitol/ 0.05% saccharin) on rats receiving three daily oral rin sings (1 ml/rinse) for 56 days [Greenwood et al, 1984]. Caries scores did not differ significantly be tween the sorbitol and sucrose rinsing groups.…”

supporting

confidence: 83%

“…These findings sup port others reporting significantly fewer sulcal lesions with dietary sorbitol than with sucrose [Emslie and Sinclair, 1961;Shaw 1976] and an absence of sulcal lesions with 30 or 60% dietary aspartame in compar ison with equivalent concentrations of sucrose [Das et al, 1986]. In contrast, Navia et al [1974], Hefti [1980, and Greenwood et al [1984] found that sulcal caries scores did not differ between sorbitol and sucrose groups. In the present study, it is speculated that the microbial and dietary manipulation resulted in a similar background caries experience for all four groups.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

“…Navia et al [1974] also observed simi larity of buccal caries scores in rats after 20 days on diet MIT No. 305 (5% sucrose) with added fructose and sorbitol, and Greenwood et al [1984] reported in significant differences in smooth surface caries scores between rats orally rinsed with solutions of 70% sucrose, 33% sorbitol/0.05% saccharin, or distilled water.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Unlike most oral microorganisms, some species of lactobacilli, Streptococcus mutans, and enterococci can ferment sorbitol [Carlsson, 1968: Guggenheim, 1968Edwardsson et al, 1977], Animal studies indi cate that the cariogenicity of dietary sorbitol is low in comparison with sucrose [Bohmer et al, 1971;Cornick and Bowen, 1972;Shaw, 1976], but in solution sorbitol and sucrose display similar cariogenicity [Hefti, 1980;Greenwood et al, 1984]. Investigating the effect of programmed meals of a cariogenic diet and of sucrose and sorbitol solutions topically ap plied between meals on fissure caries in rats, Hefti [1980] observed the caries experience in the sorbitol group to be only insignificantly lower than in the su crose group.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cariogenicity of Frequent Aspartame and Sorbitol Rinsing in Laboratory Rats

et al. 1988

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The cariogenicity of frequent rinsings with aspartame and sorbitol was studied in the rat caries model with animals randomly assigned to four oral rinse groups (16 rats/group): 0.05% aspartame, 20% sorbitol, deionized distilled water, and 20% sucrose; all solutions at pH 3.0. After rinsing five times daily for 21 days, mandibular molars were scored for caries. Smooth surface, proximal and morsal caries scores did not differ significantly between groups. Moderate dentinal sulcal caries for the sucrose group was significantly greater than in the aspartame, sorbitol, and water groups (p < 0.05). Rinsing with 0.05% aspartame (similar in pH and concentration to that found in carbonated beverages) or sorbitol did not potentiate caries activity.

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supporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cariogenicity of Frequent Aspartame and Sorbitol Rinsing in Laboratory Rats

et al. 1988

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“…Young and chronically sick children with cardiac disease,[1] leukemia,[2] epilepsy, cystic fibrosis, renal disease, and asthma[3] are the significant groups of children receiving a variety of oral liquid medications on a routine and regular basis. A high intake of oral medications may constitute possible etiological or aggravating factors for severe dental erosion[4] and dental caries,[567] as these preparations are acidogenic and cariogenic in nature. [89] Many parents are aware that sugar causes tooth decay, but commonly compare this solely with the consumption of sweets and biscuits.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pediatric liquid medicaments - Are they cariogenic? An in vitro study

Babu

Doddamani

Naik³

et al. 2014

J Int Soc Prevent Communit Dent

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Aim:Young and chronically sick children receive a variety of oral liquid medications on a routine and regular basis. These pharmaceutical preparations are cariogenic and acidogenic in nature. Hence, the present study was taken up to determine the cariogenic potential of the commonly prescribed pediatric liquid medicaments.Materials and Methods:Eight commonly used pediatric liquid medicaments (PLM) were selected and their endogenous pH was measured using a pH electrode meter. The sugar content in them was estimated using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The effect of PLM on Streptococcus mutans was assessed by the ditch plate method.Results:The pH of the liquid medicaments ranged between 6.05 (Salbid®) and 7.71 (Theopid®). Sucrose was observed in 7 PLM and glucose in 5 PLM. The highest concentration of sucrose was seen in Crocin®. The lowest concentration of sucrose was seen with Althrocin®. Both the antibiotic PLMs inhibited the S. mutans growth. Zevit® promoted the growth of S. mutans.Conclusion:The pH and concentration of sugars of pediatric liquid medicaments can pose as a threat to dental health, especially in chronically sick children, who are on long-term medications.

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The Bad Taste of Medicines: Overview of Basic Research on Bitter Taste

Mennella

Spector

Reed

et al. 2013

Clinical Therapeutics

222

183

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Background Many active pharmaceutical ingredients taste bitter and thus are aversive to children, as well as many adults. Encapsulation of the medicine in pill or tablet form, an effective method for adults to avoid the unpleasant taste, is problematic for children. Many children cannot or will not swallow solid dosage forms. Objective This review highlights basic principles of gustatory function, with a special focus on the science of bitter taste, derived from studies of animal models and human psychophysics. We focus on the set of genes that encode the proteins that function as bitter receptors, as well as the cascade of events that lead to multidimensional aspects of taste function, highlighting the role that animal models played in these discoveries. We also summarize psychophysical approaches to studying bitter taste in adult and pediatric populations, highlighting evidence of the similarities and differences in bitter taste perception and acceptance between adults and children and drawing on useful strategies from animal models. Results Medicine often tastes bitter, and because children are more bitter sensitive than are adults, this creates problems with compliance. Bitter arises from stimulating receptors in taste receptor cells, with signals processed in the taste bud and relayed to the brain. However, there are many gaps in our understanding of how best to measure bitterness and how to ameliorate it, including whether it is more efficiently addressed at the level of receptor and sensory signaling, at the level of central processing, or by masking techniques. All methods of measuring responsiveness to bitter ligands—in animal models, through human psychophysics, or with “electronic tongues”—have limitations. Conclusions Better-tasting medications may enhance pediatric adherence to drug therapy. Sugars, acids, salt, and other substances reduce perceived bitterness of several pharmaceuticals, and although pleasant flavorings may help children consume some medicines, they often are not effective in suppressing bitter tastes. Further development of psychophysical tools for children will help us better understand their sensory worlds. Multiple testing strategies will help us refine methods to assess acceptance and compliance/adherence by various pediatric populations. Research involving animal models, in which the gustatory system can be more invasively manipulated, can elucidate mechanisms, ultimately providing potential targets. These approaches, combined with new technologies and guided by findings from clinical studies, will potentially lead to effective ways to enhance drug acceptance and compliance in pediatric populations.

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Cariogenic Potential of Liquid Medications in Rats (Short Communication)

Cited by 16 publications

References 3 publications

Cariogenicity of Frequent Aspartame and Sorbitol Rinsing in Laboratory Rats

Cariogenicity of Frequent Aspartame and Sorbitol Rinsing in Laboratory Rats

Pediatric liquid medicaments - Are they cariogenic? An in vitro study

The Bad Taste of Medicines: Overview of Basic Research on Bitter Taste

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