Caring Behaviors Inventory-24: translation, cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric testing for use in a Swedish context

Abstract

Background Patients’ health and wellbeing are promoted when nurses successfully conceptualize caring in clinical practice. Measuring caring behaviors can advance knowledge about caring and has potential to improve caring practices and the outcomes of care. The Caring Behaviors Inventory-24 (CBI-24) is an empirical instrument for measuring caring, developed to determine perceptions of caring among patients and nurses. Since the instrument was not available in Swedish, the aim of this study was therefore to translate into Swedish and cross-culturally adapt CBI-24 for a Swedish healthcare context, and to psychometrically analyze the Swedish version of CBI-24. Methods The study used a traditional forward and back translation process in six stages: (1) two simultaneous translations by bilingual experts; (2) expert review committee synthesis; (3) blind back translation; (4) expert review committee deliberations; (5) pre-testing with cognitive interviews, and (6) psychometric evaluations. Results The translation process was systematically conducted and entailed discussions regarding semantic, idiomatic, experiential and conceptual equivalence. The cognitive interviews generated thoughts and reflections, which resulted in adjusting three items of the CBI-24 SWE. For psychometric analyses, 234 persons answered the questionnaire. Results indicated acceptable overall model fit in the χ2-value for the confirmatory factor analysis, while for the heuristic goodness-of-fit indices, the comparative fit index (CFI) and the standardized mean square residual (SMSR) indicated good model fits, and the root mean square error approximation (RMSEA) indicated an acceptable fit. Conclusions CBI-24 SWE has been shown to be a psychometrically acceptable instrument for use in Swedish research contexts. Further studies regarding the clinical usefulness of the instrument may be in order. In particular, CBI-24 SWE should be evaluated among nurses in rural areas.

The relationship between attitudes to homelessness and perceptions of caring behaviours: a cross-sectional study among women experiencing homelessness, nurses and nursing students

“…With support from the research assistant, the face-to-face data collection occurred at the healthcare centre. Data were collected using pen-and-paper, Swedish versions of the Attitudes Toward Homelessness Inventory (ATHI) [ 32 ] and the Caring Behaviours Inventory-24 (CBI-24) instruments [ 33 ], in addition to general questions about background characteristics. The women were asked to answer the CBI-24 questions according to how they perceived nurses’ caring behaviours at their latest healthcare visit.…”

“…Data were collected using the Swedish versions of the CBI-24 and ATHI instruments. Previous studies have indicated that these instruments are psychometrically acceptable for use in Swedish healthcare research [ 32 , 33 ]. Psychometric testing of the reliability and validity of the Swedish version of the ATHI indicates acceptable item reliability [ 32 ].…”

“…Psychometric testing of the reliability and validity of the Swedish version of the ATHI indicates acceptable item reliability [ 32 ]. The Swedish version of the CBI-24 has good face and content validity, good test–retest reliability, and high internal consistency when administered by RNs to patients in a hospital setting, or when used by nursing students [ 33 ].…”

“…The CBI-24 is a 24-item instrument which assesses perceptions of caring behaviours among patients and nurses in diverse settings [ 33 , 36 ]. Participants answer (score) each item according to a 6-point Likert scale (1 = never , 6 = always ).…”

Impact of implementing a nurse caring behavior protocol on postoperative cardiac patient satisfaction

“…Promoting comfort includes allowing patients to bring a familiar object. Maintaining the therapeutic relationship includes recognizing verbal and non-verbal messages, and encouraging the patient to initiate a conversation (Akgün et al, 2020;Kibret et al, 2022;Klarare et al, 2021;Salimi & Tarbiat, 2021).…”