Caregiver parenting and gender attitudes: Associations with violence against adolescent girls in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo

Falb, Kathryn; Asghar, Khudejha; Laird, Betsy; Tanner, Sophie; Graybill, Elizabeth; Mallinga, Pamela; Stark, Lindsay

doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.04.032

Cited by 15 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“… 2017 ) and the association of caregivers’ gender attitudes and acceptance of IPV and violence exposure (Falb et al . 2017 ). Research on refugees from South Sudan is even more sparse, with some research focusing on the dose–response relationship between traumatic events and post-traumatic stress disorder amongst adult South Sudanese refugees in Uganda (Neuner et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Latent class analysis of violence against adolescents and psychosocial outcomes in refugee settings in Uganda and Rwanda

Meyer

Hermosilla

et al. 2017

Glob. Ment. Health

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BackgroundLittle is known about violence against children in refugee camps and settlements, and the evidence-base concerning mental health outcomes of youth in refugee settings in low and middle-income countries is similarly small. Evidence is needed to understand patterns of violence against children in refugee camps, and associations with adverse mental health outcomes.MethodsSurveys were conducted with adolescent refugees (aged 13–17) in two refugee contexts – Kiziba Camp, Rwanda (n = 129) (refugees from Democratic Republic of Congo) and Adjumani and Kiryandongo refugee settlements, Uganda (n = 471) (refugees from South Sudan). Latent Class Analysis was utilized to identify classes of violence exposure (including exposure to witnessing household violence, verbal abuse, physical violence and sexual violence). Logistic regressions explored the association between latent class of violence exposure and symptoms of depression and anxiety.ResultsIn Rwanda, a two-class solution was identified, with Class 1 (n = 33) representing high levels of exposure to violence and Class 2 (n = 96) representing low levels of exposure. In Uganda, a three-class solution was identified: Class 1 (high violence; n = 53), Class 2 (low violence, n = 100) and Class 3 (no violence, n = 317). Logistic regression analyses indicated that latent violence class was associated with increased odds of high anxiety symptoms in Rwanda (AOR 3.56, 95% CI 1.16–0.95), and high v. no violence class was associated with depression (AOR 3.97, 95% CI 1.07–7.61) and anxiety symptoms (AOR 2.04, 95% CI 1.05–3.96) in Uganda.ConclusionsThe present results support the existing evidence-base concerning the association between violence and adverse mental health outcomes, while identifying differences in patterns and associations between refugee youth in two different contexts.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Latent class analysis of violence against adolescents and psychosocial outcomes in refugee settings in Uganda and Rwanda

Meyer

Hermosilla

et al. 2017

Glob. Ment. Health

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“…The limited evidence on inequitable gender norms and violence against children has focused on exploring links between the attitudes of female caregiversparticularly around the acceptability of intimate partner violenceand their reported use of corporal punishment, or their adolescent daughters' self-reported experiences of violence (Falb et al, 2017;Lansford et al, 2014). One study in Pakistan examining the impact of adolescents' gender attitudes on their likelihood of experiencing violence at home found that agreement with inequitable gender norms was associated with increased experience of violence (Saeed Ali et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender-norms, violence and adolescence: Exploring how gender norms are associated with experiences of childhood violence among young adolescents in Ethiopia

Murphy

Jones

Yadete

et al. 2020

Global Public Health

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Adolescence is a time of particular risk for violence perpetrated by parents, teachers, peers and intimate partners. Social norms that condone violent discipline, promote masculinities focused on violence, and support gender inequality play an important role in perpetuating violence. However, little is known about the relationship between inequitable gender norms and children's experiences of violence from parents or other adults in the household. Utilising data from the Gender and Adolescence: Global Evidence (GAGE) study, this paper explores how adolescent and household attitudes and community-level gender norms influence experiences of violence among young adolescents (aged 10-12) in Ethiopia. Our results show that community norms, rather than adolescent and household attitudes, are significantly associated with experiences of household violence. This result holds for boys and girls, and in rural areas. In urban areas, however, adolescent attitudes were more influential than community norms, perhaps indicating less cohesive communities. Overall, these findings suggest that violence prevention programming should prioritise shifting community norms, particularly in rural areas, in order to promote adolescent girls' and boys' right to bodily integrity.

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“…The programme’s ‘dosage’ of one discussion group per month may have been insufficient to address deep-seated gender norms and attitudes condoning corporal punishment among caregivers. 14 Further, as girls may be exposed to violence from multiple actors within the home, targeting only one caregiver per family may have resulted in a missed opportunity to holistically address girls’ victimisation within the household. Structural factors outside the household also influence adolescent girls’ exposure to sexual violence in these settings, and must be considered in light of the results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 11–13 As caregivers play an instrumental role in adolescent girls’ lives, the types of emotional, parental and social support they provide may plausibly shape girls’ susceptibility to violence through a number of pathways. 14 15 For example, caregiver communication and connectedness can reduce adolescents’ risk of IPV exposure. 16 17 Conversely, caregiver use of corporal punishment is associated with adolescent exposure to peer-perpetrated violence.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Building caregivers’ emotional, parental and social support skills to prevent violence against adolescent girls: findings from a cluster randomised controlled trial in Democratic Republic of Congo

et al. 2018

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IntroductionParenting programmes are increasingly popular for reducing children’s exposure to interpersonal violence in low/middle-income countries, but there is limited evidence on their effectiveness. We investigated the incremental impact of adding a caregiver component to a life skills programme for adolescent girls, assessing girls’ exposure to violence (sexual and others) and caregivers’ gender attitudes and parenting behaviours.MethodsIn this two-arm, single-blinded, cluster randomised controlled trial, we recruited 869 adolescent girls aged 10–14 and 764 caregivers in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo. Following a baseline survey, participants were divided into 35 clusters based on age, language and location. Eighteen clusters were randomised to the treatment arm and 17 clusters to the wait-list control arm. Adolescent girls in both arms received 32 life skills sessions; caregivers in the treatment arm received 13 complementary caregiver sessions. The primary outcome was girls’ self-reported exposure to sexual violence in the last 12 months; secondary outcomes included self-reports of specific forms of sexual violence, physical and emotional violence, transactional sex, child marriage for girls and parenting behaviours for caregivers. Intent-to-treat and per-protocol analyses were conducted.ResultsAt 12 months of follow-up, the intervention showed no impact on sexual violence (adjusted OR=0.95; 95% CI 0.65 to 1.37) or any secondary outcomes for girls. The intervention was associated with improved supportive parenting behaviours. Protocol adherence was also associated with improvements in these outcomes.ConclusionWhile the caregiver curriculum improved some parenting outcomes, additional programmatic adaptations may be needed to reduce adolescent girls’ violence exposure in humanitarian settings.Trial registration numberNCT02384642.

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Caregiver parenting and gender attitudes: Associations with violence against adolescent girls in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo

Cited by 15 publications

References 20 publications

Latent class analysis of violence against adolescents and psychosocial outcomes in refugee settings in Uganda and Rwanda

Latent class analysis of violence against adolescents and psychosocial outcomes in refugee settings in Uganda and Rwanda

Gender-norms, violence and adolescence: Exploring how gender norms are associated with experiences of childhood violence among young adolescents in Ethiopia

Building caregivers’ emotional, parental and social support skills to prevent violence against adolescent girls: findings from a cluster randomised controlled trial in Democratic Republic of Congo

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