Cardiovascular stress (electrocardiographic changes) produced by driving an automobile

Simonson, Ernst; Baker, Charles; Burns, Neal M.; Keiper, Charles; Schmitt, Otto H.; Stackhouse, Stirling P.

doi:10.1016/0002-8703(68)90123-3

Cited by 78 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…A novel aspect of Study 2 is the direct comparison of physiological responses between simulated and on-road drives. Although some studies have investigated metabolic and/or heart rate responses during either on-road or simulated drives (Ashton et al, 1972;Jacobs et al, 2002;Simonson et al, 1968;Taggart and Gibbons, 1967;Taggart et al, 1969;Taggart and Gibbons, 1971), we did not find any studies that directly investigated cardiopulmonary responses between comparable simulated and on-road drives. In the past, this was certainly due in part to technical limitations (i.e., portable metabolic analyzers and easily programmable driving scenarios).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Physiological responses to simulated and on-road driving

Johnson

Chahal

Stinchcombe

et al. 2011

International Journal of Psychophysiology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Physiological responses to simulated and on-road driving

Johnson

Chahal

Stinchcombe

et al. 2011

International Journal of Psychophysiology

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“…Lauwers et al (59) found ST depression in 4 of 13 postmyocardial infarction patients during a drive in peak hours of traffic. A flattening of the T wave was reported for three of four healthy amateur drivers behind the wheel in the study of Simonson et al (38), while no ischemic electrocardiographic changes were seen in 65 healthy young subjects examined during driving by Bellet et al (48) or in the 15 subjects studied by Littler et al (40). In the two available reports on the Holter monitoring of apparently healthy professional drivers (4, 60), 20 subjects in one study and 95 in the other, no significant STT changes were noted.…”

Section: Ischemic Electrocardiographic Changesmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Increased heart rate has been con sistently reported during professional and amateur driving by healthy subjects and cardiac patients (4,38,(47)(48)(49). In some studies the increase was in the tachycardiac range and was particularly pronounced during "critical situations" such as sudden stops and passing (48)(49).…”

Section: Heart Ratementioning

confidence: 98%

Mechanisms of cardiac risk among professional drivers.

Belkić¹,

Savić²,

Theorell³

et al. 1994

Scand J Work Environ Health

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of cardiac risk among profe ssional drivers. Scand J Work Environ Health 1994;20:73-86.This literature review indicates that professional drivers have excess cardiac risk that is not fully explained by standard risk factors. The contributi on of occupation is suggested by two independent methods and by psychophysiological studies during on-the-job driving. Driving has been conceptualized as a threat-avoidance task. Stimuli encountered in traffic are not inherently aversive but become so by association with driving experie nce, a formulation corroborated by laboratory studies in which stimuli such as car headlights elicit cardiovascular hyperreactivity and electroencephalographic signs of arousal in professional drivers. More-advanced neurophysiological methods (event-related potentials) show higher cortical electrone gativity to imperative signals among professional drivers than among nondriver referents. These data are viewed in light of reports of possible associations between event-related slow potentials and cardiac risk. A clinically and ecologically relevant neurocardiological model is proposed, and preventive strategies, including workplace interventions, are suggested.K EY TERMScardiova scular disease, event-related potentials, glare, neurocardiology, professional drivers, review, work stress.Of the numerous studies performed in va rious countries on cardiovascular disease and professional driving over a sp an of almost three de cades, ne arly all have shown an exce ss ri sk of cardiovascular di sease among professional drivers. Despite rigorous se lection against these disorders at hiring and during periodic medical foll ow-up ( 1-4), a risk of hyp ertension, ventri cu lar arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, and other ischemic heart disease ha s been ob served in 28 of the 32 reports found to consider thi s question (1-32). (No ns ig nifica nt findings have be en reported in references 13, 18, 19, and 23.) Of particular note in many of these studies is the close relation between the number of work years as a driver and the untowardly yo ung ag e at which these ev e nts occur (l , 5, 7, 9 17, 26, 29, 32). For example, in studies of young myocardial infarct ion patients, fo r whom profession was determined, an unexpectedly high percentage (up to 40 %) comprised professional dri vers (9,17,26,29,32). While standard ri sk-factor status tends to be high in thi s population, these fa ctors have not been clearly shown to distinguish professional drivers from other lo wer ri sk groups (1 , 15, 16,33-35) (tab le I). Rece ntly , Ro sengren and her co-workers (27) demonstrated that the excess risk of coronary he art disease among middle-aged bus and tram drivers occurred independently of sta ndard ri sk-factor status .Thus the quest ion ari ses as to how this excess cardiac risk oc curs for professional drivers. A growing co nse ns us indicates that occupational factors must be gi ven ca reful consideration (1-3). A focus on neural mech anisms pr omises to offer meaningful insig hts into the problem (3,36,37). In...

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“…Some studies have found physiological changes which could indicate an elevated risk of ischemic heart disease while driving a bus. Electrocardiographic changes during straining automobile driving (39) and an elevated secretion of catecholamines and cortisol in the urine of 236 drivers in hea vy traffic (35) suggest a neurogenic and hormonal strain on the heart under such conditions. In summary our study showed that objective work load, as measured by traffic intensity, was the factor with the strongest association to subsequent ho spital admi ssion due to myocardial infarction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of work-related and psychosocial factors on the development of ischemic heart disease among urban bus drivers in Denmark.

Netterstrøm

Juel²

1988

Scand J Work Environ Health

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NETTERSTR0M B, JUEL K. Impact of work-related and psychosocial factors on the developmentof ischemic heart disease among urban bus drivers in Denmark. Scand J Work En viron Health 14 (1988) 231-238. From 1978 to 1985, 2 465 male bus drivers in the three major cities in Denmark were followed with regardto hospitaladmissiondue to myocardial infarction(Ml) and death due to ischemic heart disease (lHD). In all 2 045 (83 010) of these men responded in 1978 to a questionnaire on psychosocial well-being and work conditions. The respondents did not differ from the nonrespondents regardinghospital admissions and death in the follow-up period (1978)(1979)(1980)(1981)(1982)(1983)(1984). Sixty-two cases of MI were registered among the 2045 bus driversin 1978-1984. On this basis relativerisk for MI was calculated with a multiple regression model for independent variablesregarding psychosocial well-being and work conditions. High work load (drivingin heavytraffic) wassignificantly associatedwith the occurrenceof MI. Of the psychosocial factors "no socialcontact with colleagues" and "increased work pace" werealso significantly associated with the occurrence of MI. Smokinghabits tended to be associated with the occurrence of MI, whilestress symptoms and job dissatisfaction did not. The mental burden on bus drivers working in heavy traffic seems a possible explanation for the findings.

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Cardiovascular stress (electrocardiographic changes) produced by driving an automobile

Cited by 78 publications

References 16 publications

Physiological responses to simulated and on-road driving

Physiological responses to simulated and on-road driving

Mechanisms of cardiac risk among professional drivers.

Impact of work-related and psychosocial factors on the development of ischemic heart disease among urban bus drivers in Denmark.

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