Cardiovascular risk of smoking and benefits of smoking cessation

Abstract

Introduction: the causal linkCardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. In the United States, CVDs affect many racial or ethnic groups, and this fact has an extremely high cost that is estimated around $200 billion annually in healthcare services, drugs, and loss of productivity. Much of this burden is due to insufficient implementation of prevention strategies and poor control of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk factors in many adults (1,2). According to World Health Organization data, smoking determines 10% of all CVDs (3). Tobacco smoking usage causes approximately 6 million death per year throughout the world, in the United States almost 500,000 deaths can be attributed to smoking and about 10% of these deaths are caused from second-hand smoke exposure. Epidemiologic studies have supported the assumption that cigarette smoking increases the incidence of myocardial infarction and fatal coronary artery diseases (4). The increased risk of cardiovascular events has also been shown for low-tar cigarettes and smokeless tobacco. Even passive smoking is responsible for a 30% increased risk of ASCVD, a little less than half of the risk increase in active smokers that is around 80% (5,6). Ever since the Framingham study, the epidemiologic investigations have tried to identify people with a high likelihood for a future cardiovascular events in order to make actionable interventions to reduce the risk. The concept of "risk factors" was made popular by Kannel et Review Article on Improving Outcomes in Lung Cancer Through Early Diagnosis and Smoking Cessation

Second-Hand Smoke and Its Synergistic Effect with a Body-Mass Index of >24.9 kg/m2 Increase the Risk of Gout Arthritis in Indonesia

“…Generally, the possible mechanism of the tobacco smoke’s effect is somatic gene mutation and immunosuppression, such as a decrease in the responsiveness of T cells [ 73 ]. Another important issue is that smoking habits are the most preventable cause of increased cardiovascular disease risk and sudden death [ 74 ], since smoking produces oxidative processes, negatively affecting platelet function, fibrinolysis, inflammation and vasomotor function [ 75 ]. Thus, preventing smoking habits is an important issue to raise in prevention strategies against cancer and cardiovascular disease, which are related to gout.…”

The effect of coronary slow flow on left atrial structure and function

“…In addition, we also noticed a higher prevalence of smoking and a higher BMI in the CSF group than that of the control group, which can be linked with some recent findings. There are several studies indicating that smoking can induce endothelial dysfunction through oxidative stress 41 , 42 , which is involved in the development of CSFP. Metabolic syndrome (such as obesity, high BMI, diabetes, etc.)…”

Key Characteristics of Cardiovascular Toxicants

“…2010 , 2016 ), arsenic ( States et al. 2009 ) and tobacco smoke ( Gallucci et al. 2020 ), are well known to be associated with CVD, but other environmental contaminants, as well as natural toxins, viruses, and other agents, may also be cardiovascular (CV) toxicants.…”