Cardiovascular risk in rheumatoid arthritis: How to lower the risk?

Is Preclinical Autoimmunity Benign?

“…Therefore, it has been proposed that autoimmune-mediated inflammation may contribute to increased CVD risk in RA. 20 RA-related autoantibody positivity has been associated with increased risk of CVD events among patients with RA. 21–23 There is an increased prevalence of subclinical measures of atherosclerosis in RA, 24 and antibodies to modified citrullinated vimentin and anticyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (anti-CCP) have been correlated with carotid intima media thickness (IMT) in early RA.…”

“…Moreover, evidence is increasing for risk reduction from pharmaceutical interventions in active RA, such as anti–tumor necrosis factor α, hydroxychloroquine, statins, and possibly, methotrexate. 19,20 Because it has recently been shown that both rheumatologists and primary care physicians identify and manage cardiovascular risk factors less often in patients with RA compared with controls from the general population, interventions may be needed to improve CVD risk in patients with RA. 19,60–62 Potential preventive interventions for CVD development in SLE are of course being proposed as well.…”

Modern Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Cows

“…It has been found that cardiovascular risks of NSAIDs are significantly different from each other. Generally, naproxen has been found less dangerous in consideration to the cardiovascular disease (CVD) in comparison to other NSAIDs [8]. The majority of NSAIDs comprise a carboxylic acid function, which admits direct carbodiimide combination of the drug to the pendent hydroxyl groups of dextran by the use of an ester bond.…”

“…The precise mechanism of action through which NSAIDs boost the risk of a cardiovascular event is not completely known. According to suggestions the inhibiting of COX-II play considerable role in the mentioned risk profile of an individual NSAID [8].…”

“…Kalil MA* Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt of hypertension [8]. Typically, the criteria for the classification of RA relied on the existence of signs and symptoms which indicate the inflammatory activity that typically implied permanent structural damage while exist.…”